Question

Question: Use the symbols and toindicate the polarity of the highlighted bonds.

a.

b.

c.

Short answer

Answer

The structures of the compounds showing the δ+ and δ- on the highlighted bonds are shown below:

a.

The structure of hydroxylamine

b.

The structure of cyclohexylamine

c.

The structure of cyclohexyl lithium

Step-by-step solution

 Step-by-Step SolutionStep 1: Polarity of the bonds

The polarity of the bonds depends upon the electronegativity of the bonded atoms. The bonds formed by the same atoms are nonpolar due to the same electronegativity of the bonded atoms.

The bonds are polar due to the large difference in the electronegativity of the bonded atoms.

The more electronegative atom will try to attract the shared electron pair more toward itself. As a result, the bond becomes polar.

 Step 2: The polarity of the highlighted bonds is shown in the following structures

a. The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge, and the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge, as shown in the structure below

structure of hydroxylamine

The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge due to the high electronegativity of the oxygen atom. Due to its high electronegativity, the oxygen atom pulls the electron density toward itself and acquires a partial negative charge. As a result, the N-O bond becomes polar.

b. The nitrogen atom acquires a partial negative charge, and the carbon atom has a partial positive charge, as shown in the structure below:

The structure of cyclohexylamine

The electronegativity of the nitrogen atom is more than the carbon atom. As a result, the electron density is more toward the nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom acquires a partial negative charge.

c. The carbon atom acquires a partial negative charge, and the lithium atom has a partial positive charge, as shown in the structure below:

The structure of cyclohexyl lithium

The carbon atom is more electronegative than the lithium atom. As a result, the electron density will be more toward the carbon atom. The carbon atom will acquire a partial negative charge, and the lithium atom will have a partial positive charge.