Question

Question: Draw in all the hydrogen atoms and nonbonded electron pairs in each ion.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Short answer

Answer:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Step-by-step solution

Step-by-Step SolutionStep 1: Nonbonded electrons

They can be calculated by subtracting the bonding electrons from the valence electrons of an atom.

The structure of the ions shows all the hydrogen atoms and lone pairs

a. In this molecule, there is a carbon atom which is carrying a negative charge. This carbon atom with a negative charge consists of an unshared pair of electrons.

Representation of hydrogen atoms and lone pairs of (a)

b. The structure of the carbon ion has a negative charge on the carbon atom due to unshared electron pair. The given ion is formed by the loss of the hydrogen ion

Representation of hydrogen atoms and lone pairs of (b)

c. The carbon cation is formed due to the loss of hydrogen ions. In the given structure, the carbon atom with a positive charge consists of three bond pairs.

Representation of hydrogen atoms and lone pairs of (c)

d. The nitrogen atom has three bond pairs. It forms a triple bond with the carbon atom by sharing its three valence electrons. The nonbonded electrons on the nitrogen are also involved in bonding.

The hydrogen atom shares the lone pair with the nitrogen atom. As a result, the nitrogen atom has acquired a formal positive charge, as shown in the structure.

Representation of hydrogen atoms and lone pairs of (d)

e. The oxygen atom has a positive charge in the following structure.

The oxygen atom in the given molecule has three bond pairs and one lone pair of electrons. In the given molecule, the lone pair is also participating in bonding, due to which the oxygen atom has a formal positive charge, as shown in the structure.

Representation of hydrogen atoms and lone pairs of (e)