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Chapter 22: 42P (page 868)

Draw the products of each reduction reaction.

a.

b.

c.

d.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Answer

The products of each reduction reaction are shown below: -

Step by step solution

01

Step-by-Step Solution Step 1: Metal hydrides

Metal hydrides such asNaBH4and are powerful reducing agents that reduce an aldehyde into primary alcohol and a ketone into secondary alcohol.

LiAlH4is more powerful than . It can also reduce other powerful functional groups like carboxylic acid and its derivatives into alcohols.

In the case of LiAlH[OC(CH3)3]3, as the electron-withdrawing groups are attached with aluminum, the reducing nature gets decreased and the reaction occurs only at the aldehyde stage.

02

Function of metal hydrides

The functions of the metal hydrides are shown below:-

03

Mechanism of the reducing action of metal hydrides

The M-H is polar, and the hydride present in M-H acts as a nucleophile. As a result, it can readily attack the carbonyl carbon center to yield alcohol.

Representation of the mechanism of M-H

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Question: What products are formed when all of the amide and ester bonds are hydrolyzed in each of the following compounds? Tamiflu [part (a)] is the trade name of the antiviral agent oseltamivir, thought to be the most effective agent in treating influenza. Aspartame [part (b)] is the artificial sweetener used in Equal and many diet beverages. One of the products of this hydrolysis reaction is the amino acid phenylalanine. Infants afflicted with phenylketonuria cannot metabolize this amino acid, so it accumulates, causing mental retardation. When the affliction is identified early, a diet limiting the consumption of phenylalanine (and compounds like aspartame that are converted to it) can make a normal life possible

a.

b.

Question: (a) Give an acceptable name for each compound. (b) Draw the organic products formed when A or B is treated with each reagent: [1]H3O+;[2]-OH,H2O;[3]CH3CH2CH2MgBr(excess), then H2O; [4] LiAlH4,ThenH2O, then .

Question: Glucosamine is a dietary supplement available in many over-the-counter treatments for osteoarthritis. Reaction of acetyl CoA with glucosamine forms NAG, N-acetylglucosamine, the monomer used to form chitin, the carbohydrate that forms the rigid shells of lobsters and crabs. What is the structure of NAG?

What carboxylic acid is formed from each alkyl halide on treatment with [1] Mg; [2] CO2; [3] H3O+?

a.

b.

c.

Question: With reference to the structures of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, Chapter 2 opening molecule) and acetaminophen (the active ingredient in Tylenol), explain why acetaminophen tablets can be stored in the medicine cabinet for years, but aspirin slowly decomposes over time.
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