Question

Match the List 1 and List 2 and pick the correct matching from the codes given below. List 1 \(\quad\) List 2 (A) Peroxy acetyl nitrate 1\. Waste incineration (B) Polycyclic arom- 2\. Global warming atic hydrocarbons (C) Dioxins 3\. Photochemical smog (D) Indigo 4\. Carcinogens (E) IR active molecules 5\. Vat dye (a) A \(3, \mathrm{~B} 4, \mathrm{C} 1, \mathrm{D} 5, \mathrm{E} 2\) (b) A 2, B 3, C 5, D 4, E 1

Short answer

The correct matching is option (a): A 3, B 4, C 1, D 5, E 2.

Step-by-step solution

Analyze Pairings

Start by analyzing each item in List 1 to see which item in List 2 it most logically corresponds to. For example, Peroxy acetyl nitrate (A) is known to be associated with photochemical smog.

Match Item A

Peroxy acetyl nitrate is a compound that forms in the atmosphere and is a component of photochemical smog. Therefore, A (Peroxy acetyl nitrate) corresponds with 3 (Photochemical smog).

Match Item B

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of chemicals that are known to be carcinogenic. Therefore, B (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) corresponds with 4 (Carcinogens).

Match Item C

Dioxins are toxic chemicals often associated with industrial processes like waste incineration. Therefore, C (Dioxins) matches with 1 (Waste incineration).

Match Item D

Indigo is a compound that has been traditionally used as a dye, especially in fabrics. Therefore, D (Indigo) matches with 5 (Vat dye).

Match Item E

IR active molecules are those that absorb infrared radiation, which relates to global warming due to their impact on atmospheric temperature. Therefore, E (IR active molecules) matches with 2 (Global warming).

Check Answer Code

Based on the matches: A with 3, B with 4, C with 1, D with 5, E with 2, the code that corresponds to these pairings is option (a).

Key concepts

Photochemical Smog

Photochemical smog, often seen as a brown haze over cities, forms when sunlight reacts with pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. This type of smog contains various oxidants such as ozone and Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).
PAN, specifically, is a significant component of photochemical smog, resulting from the reaction between hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide under UV light. It contributes to the irritation of eyes and respiratory problems in humans.

• It primarily occurs in urban areas with lots of vehicle emissions.
• Common during warm, sunny weather periods.

Initiatives like reducing vehicle emissions and enhancing public transport are key strategies to control photochemical smog.

Carcinogens

Carcinogens are substances capable of causing cancer in living tissues. They can be found in various environments, including industrial workplaces, the wider environment, and even inside the home. One major group of carcinogens is Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).
PAHs originate from the incomplete burning of carbon-containing materials like coal, oil, and gas.

• Common sources include vehicle exhaust, tobacco smoke, and grilling meats.
• They are hydrophobic and linger in the environment, leading to potential harm through prolonged exposure.

It's important to limit exposure to known carcinogens by using protective gear in workplaces and reducing usage of products known to release harmful chemicals.

Waste Incineration

Waste incineration involves burning waste materials as a method of disposal, generating energy in the process. While it helps reduce landfill use, it can release harmful chemicals like Dioxins into the environment.
Dioxins are a group of chemically-related compounds that are persistent environmental pollutants (POPs).

• They originate from industrial activities like waste incineration, chemical manufacturing, and during processes like bleaching paper pulp.
• Known for their toxic effects, they can accumulate in the food chain, leading to exposure through consumption of animal products.

Technologies like advanced filtration systems and stricter regulations aim to minimize dioxin emissions from waste incineration.

Vat Dye

Vat dyes are a class of dyes that are insoluble in water and require a special chemical process, called "vatting," to apply. Indigo is one of the most well-known vat dyes, historically used in dyeing denim.
These dyes are characterized by their durability and lightfastness, making them ideal for textiles exposed to regular use and washing.

• The vatting process involves reducing the dye in a caustic solution before it bonds with the fabric.
• Once oxidized after application, they form a stable, water-insoluble dye.

Vat dyes continue to be extensively used in the textile industry, particularly for the dyeing of natural fibres.

Global Warming

Global warming refers to the gradual increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities, particularly the release of greenhouse gases. The IR active molecules, which absorb infrared radiation, play a significant role in this process.
These gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect. As a result, temperatures rise, impacting weather patterns, sea levels, and ecosystems.

• Common contributors to global warming include burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes.
• Global initiatives like the Paris Agreement aim to curb emissions and limit global temperature rise.

Implementing renewable energy sources and enhancing energy efficiency are crucial steps toward mitigating global warming.