Question

Which of the following statements are true? (1) London smog is oxidizing in nature. (2) London smog is a mixture of smoke and fog. (3) Photochemical smog causes irritation in eyes. (4) Photochemical smog results in the formation of PAN. (a) 1,2 and 3 (b) 1,2 and 4 (c) 2,3 and 4 (d) 1,3 and 4

Short answer

(c) 2, 3, and 4

Step-by-step solution

Analyze London Smog

London smog, also known as classical or sulfurous smog, is primarily a mixture of smoke and fog resulting from the burning of coal. This type of smog is reducing in nature. Therefore, statement 1 is false and statement 2 is true.

Evaluate Photochemical Smog Effects

Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, often resulting in the formation of eye irritants like ozone. Thus, statement 3 is true.

Identify Products of Photochemical Smog

Photochemical smog can lead to the formation of PAN (Peroxyacetyl nitrate), a secondary pollutant. Hence, statement 4 is true.

Determine the Correct Answer

From the analysis: statement 1 is false, statements 2, 3, and 4 are true. Match this conclusion with the given options. The option that includes true statements 2, 3, and 4 is (c).

Key concepts

London smog

London smog, also known as classical smog or sulfurous smog, is a historical environmental phenomenon largely attributed to industrialization. It occurs when smoke from burning coal mixes with fog, creating a thick and smoky atmosphere. This type of smog is primarily seen in colder, damp climates where fog is prevalent.

Contrary to some beliefs, London smog is not oxidizing in nature; it is reducing. This means it contains high levels of sulfur dioxide, which can cause various respiratory problems. London was infamous for such smog in the early 20th century, leading to severe air pollution episodes. These episodes were especially common during the winter months, when coal burning for heating was most prevalent. Understanding the chemical processes in London smog can help us prevent similar occurrences today by reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter.

Photochemical smog

Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution that results from the reaction of sunlight with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This smog is more modern than London smog and typically occurs in urban environments with lots of vehicles and industrial emissions. Unlike London smog, photochemical smog requires sunlight to form, making it more common in sunny climates.

This type of smog is also referred to as "Los Angeles smog" because of its prevalence in that region. It forms a visible haze that can reduce air quality and limit visibility. It contains harmful substances like ground-level ozone which can have significant health impacts, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and those with preexisting health conditions.

PAN (Peroxyacetyl nitrate)

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a significant component of photochemical smog and is categorized as a secondary pollutant. This means it is not emitted directly but forms in the atmosphere from the chemical reactions between primary pollutants. Specifically, PAN forms when oxygen and nitrogen dioxide react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight.

PAN is a potent eye and respiratory irritant, and exposure can lead to adverse health effects. It can disrupt alfalfa yield, affect rubber materials, and cause eye irritation and breathing difficulties in humans. Its stability at lower temperatures allows it to be transported over long distances, spreading its harmful effects far from the initial source. Understanding PAN is crucial in tackling the broader issue of air pollution and mitigating its health effects.

Eye irritation

Eye irritation is a common symptom associated with exposure to different types of smog. In the context of photochemical smog, the presence of ozone and PAN are major culprits in causing irritation. This irritation is felt as a burning sensation and can be uncomfortable as well as potentially damaging to the eyes if exposure is prolonged.

These air pollutants can cause the conjunctiva (the tissue lining the inside of the eyelids) to become inflamed. For people who are outside during heavy smog episodes, wearing protective eyewear can reduce discomfort. It is important to monitor air quality reports and limit exposure during high-pollution periods to protect your eyes and overall health.

Pollutants

Pollutants are substances introduced into the environment that cause adverse changes. They play a crucial role in the formation of both London and photochemical smog. For London smog, the primary pollutants involved include sulfur dioxide and particulate matter from the burning of coal. This smog contains reducing agents that affect respiratory health.

In photochemical smog, pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are predominant. These react with sunlight to produce secondary pollutants including ozone and PAN. Understanding these pollutants helps us develop strategies to either prevent their formation or reduce their impact. This might involve lowering emissions, switching to cleaner energy sources, and enforcing environmental regulations to protect public health and the environment.