Question

The highest oxidation state that can be exhibited by transition metal is \((1)+7\) \((2)+8\) (3) \(+6\) (4) \(+5\)

Short answer

(2) +8

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Transition Metals

Transition metals are found in the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3-12.

Understand Oxidation States

Oxidation state refers to the degree of oxidation of an atom in a compound. Transition metals can have multiple oxidation states due to their ability to lose different numbers of d-electrons.

Highest Known Oxidation State

The highest oxidation state known for transition metals is +8, which is exhibited by Ruthenium (Ru) and Osmium (Os).

Select the Correct Answer

Among the given options, the highest oxidation state is +8.

Key concepts

transition metals

Transition metals are elements located in the d-block of the periodic table. They encompass groups 3-12 and are characterized by partially filled d-orbitals. This unique electron configuration gives them a range of interesting properties:

• They exhibit multiple oxidation states.
• They often form colored compounds.
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

Transition metals include elements such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and gold (Au). They play important roles in various chemical reactions and industrial processes.

oxidation state

The term 'oxidation state' describes the degree of oxidation of an atom within a compound. It is a useful concept for understanding electron transfer in reactions. Transition metals show multiple oxidation states because:

• They can lose different numbers of d-electrons.
• This flexibility allows them to participate in various chemical reactions.

For instance, iron can have oxidation states ranging from +2 to +6, though +2 and +3 are most common.

d-block elements

D-block elements are the elements that occupy the middle portion of the periodic table from groups 3 to 12. These elements have their outermost electrons in the d-subshell. They are known for their:

• Variable oxidation states.
• High melting and boiling points.
• Ability to form complex ions.

The d-block includes well-known metals like iron, nickel, copper, and many others. These elements are crucial for numerous applications, ranging from catalysis to electronic devices.

Ruthenium

Ruthenium (Ru) is a rare transition metal found in the platinum group. It is known for displaying a variety of oxidation states, from -2 to +8. Here are a few facts about Ruthenium:

• It is commonly used in electrical contacts and thick-film resistors.
• Ruthenium compounds can act as catalysts in chemical reactions.
• It has applications in electronics and electroplating.

The highest known oxidation state of +8 for Ruthenium is particularly noteworthy, making it one of the few elements to reach such a high level of oxidation.

Osmium

Osmium (Os) is another member of the platinum group and is known for its very high density and hardness. Here are some key characteristics of Osmium:

• It has oxidation states ranging from +2 to +8.
• Osmium is used in alloys to add hardness and durability.
• Osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) is used in staining biological specimens and as a catalyst.

Like Ruthenium, Osmium can exhibit an oxidation state of +8. This makes it one of the few elements that achieve such a high oxidation level, useful in various advanced chemical processes.