Question

Lung diseases are four times more in urban areas than in rural areas. This is due to the presence of (a) \(\mathrm{SO}_{2}\) (b) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) (c) \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\) (d) Water vapour

Short answer

The correct answer is (a) \(\text{SO}_2\).

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Problem

The exercise asks to identify which substance is responsible for lung diseases being four times more common in urban areas than in rural areas.

Analyzing the Options

Consider each option given:(a) \(\text{SO}_2\)(b) \(\text{CO}_2\)(c) \(\text{N}_2\)(d) Water vapor.

Identifying Harmful Pollutants

Urban areas typically have higher pollution levels due to human activities. \(\text{SO}_2\) (Sulfur Dioxide) is a significant pollutant known to cause respiratory problems.

Evaluating Other Options

\(\text{CO}_2\) and \(\text{N}_2\) are not major causes of respiratory issues, and water vapor is a natural component of the atmosphere not linked to lung diseases.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis, \(\text{SO}_2\) is the substance most likely to be responsible for the increased lung diseases in urban areas.

Key concepts

urban vs. rural pollution

Air pollution varies significantly between urban and rural environments. Urban areas typically face higher levels of pollution due to various human activities.

In cities, emissions from vehicles, industries, and construction work contribute to elevated pollution levels. These pollutants include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

In contrast, rural areas tend to have fewer pollution sources. While agricultural activities can contribute pollutants like pesticides and dust, overall air quality is usually better compared to urban regions.

The disparity in pollution levels has impacts on health. Urban residents are more likely to suffer from respiratory issues due to constant exposure to higher pollutant concentrations.
Understanding these differences is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat air pollution and enhance public health.

sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a sharp smell. It is a significant air pollutant, primarily produced by burning fossil fuels like coal and oil.

Sources of SO2 also include volcanic eruptions and industrial processes such as smelting. In urban areas, a large portion of SO2 comes from vehicle emissions and power plants.

When SO2 is released into the atmosphere, it can form fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause health problems.

SO2 has a range of environmental impacts as well. It can lead to the formation of acid rain, which harms ecosystems, soil, and water bodies. Reducing SO2 emissions is therefore crucial for protecting both human health and the environment.

respiratory health impact

Air pollutants have severe effects on respiratory health. Among these, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is particularly harmful.

When inhaled, SO2 can irritate the respiratory tract. This can lead to symptoms like coughing, shortness of breath, and tightness in the chest.

Long-term exposure to high levels of SO2 increases the risk of respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung infections.

Children, the elderly, and individuals with preexisting respiratory conditions are especially vulnerable. They can experience more severe health effects from exposure.

To mitigate these impacts, monitoring air quality and implementing measures to reduce emissions is essential. Public awareness and policy changes play key roles in safeguarding respiratory health in urban areas.