Sigma electrons, often represented as \(\sigma\) electrons, are the electrons found in sigma bonds. Sigma bonds are a type of covalent bond that forms through the head-to-head overlap of atomic orbitals. This overlap occurs directly between the nuclei of two atoms, making sigma bonds very strong.
In a molecule, sigma bonds form the basic framework that holds the atoms together. They are one of the main bonds keeping a molecule structurally stable.
Some key characteristics of sigma electrons include:
- Sigma bonds are the first bonds formed between two atoms.
- They are single bonds with a direct overlap of orbitals.
- They allow for free rotation around the bond axis.
Understanding sigma electrons is crucial for grasping more complex concepts like the inductive effect.