Question

The IUPAC name of the compound (1) 1,2,3-trihydroxy propane (2) 3 -hydroxy pentane-1,5-diol (3) \(1,2,3\) -hydroxy propane (4) propane-1,2,3-triol

Short answer

The correct IUPAC name is propane-1,2,3-triol.

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Correct Compound Name

Analyze the given names and identify which one follows the IUPAC naming conventions accurately for the chemical structure described.

Check the Functional Groups

The name should incorporate the identification of hydroxyl groups (-OH) correctly and according to the positions in the carbon chain. The correct naming must list the positions of multiple groups.

Verify Each Option

Option 1: '1,2,3-trihydroxy propane' incorrectly prefixes 'trihydroxy' rather than suffixing 'triol'. Option 2: '3-hydroxy pentane-1,5-diol' mixes suffix and prefix notations incorrectly. Option 3: '1,2,3-hydroxy propane' uses 'hydroxy' instead of a correct subsequent suffix. Option 4: 'propane-1,2,3-triol' correctly names all groups and positions.

Conclusion

After verifying the options, determine that the name propane-1,2,3-triol is the correct IUPAC name.

Key concepts

Chemical Naming Conventions

Chemical naming conventions are critical in accurately describing the structure and function of chemical compounds. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established systematic rules to ensure consistency and clarity. Understanding these rules helps in deciphering the molecular makeup and properties of compounds.

For example, hydrocarbons are named based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain, with prefixes like 'meth-' for one carbon, 'eth-' for two, and so on. Functional groups are indicated with suffixes or prefixes, signifying their presence in the molecule. This eliminates ambiguity and ensures that each compound has a unique, universally accepted name.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine the chemical properties of those molecules. Identifying functional groups is crucial for naming compounds and understanding their reactivity.

Common functional groups include:

• Hydroxyl group (-OH)
• Carboxyl group (-COOH)
• Amino group (-NH2)
• Carbonyl group (C=O)
• Alkyl groups (R-)
• Alkene groups (C=C)
• Alkyne groups (C≡C)

Each functional group has a specific naming convention and position notation in the IUPAC system. For instance, the presence of hydroxyl groups as seen in alcohols would be indicated by the suffix '-ol' alongside numbering to show their position in the carbon chain.

Hydroxyl Group Identification

Hydroxyl groups (-OH) are a pivotal functional group in organic chemistry. They are characteristic of alcohols and some other organic compounds. Identifying hydroxyl groups and their positions within a molecule is essential for proper IUPAC naming.

In the provided exercise, the compound with the correct name 'propane-1,2,3-triol' indicates the presence of three hydroxyl groups, one on each carbon atom of the propane chain. The term 'triol' signifies three hydroxyl groups, and the numbers '1,2,3-' specify their exact positions. Such systematic naming helps chemists understand the molecule's structure and predict its reactivity and interactions. Accurate naming conventions for hydroxyl groups ensure clear communication within the scientific community.