Problem 1
What are hybridisation states of each carbon atom in the following compounds? \(\mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2},\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CO}, \mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{CHCN}, \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}\)
Problem 2
Indicate the \(\sigma\) and \(\pi\) bonds in the following molecules: \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}, \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12}, \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}, \mathrm{CH}_{2}=\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}, \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{NO}_{2}, \mathrm{HCONHCH}_{3}\)
Problem 3
Write bond line formulas for : Isopropyl alcohol, 2,3-Dimethylbutanal, Heptan-4one.
Problem 5
Which of the following represents the correct IUPAC name for the compounds concerned ? (a) 2,2-Dimethylpentane or 2-Dimethylpentane (b) \(2,4,7\) Trimethyloctane or \(2,5,7\) -Trimethyloctane (c) 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane or 4-Chloro-2-methylpentane (d) But-3-yn-1-ol or But-4-ol-1-yne.
Problem 6
Draw formulas for the first five members of each homologous series beginning with the following compounds. (a) \(\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{COOH}\) (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COCH}\). (c) \(\mathrm{H}-\mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH}_{2}\)
Problem 7
Give condensed and bond line structural formulas and identify the functional group(s) present, if any, for : (a) \(2,2,4\) -Trimethylpentane (b) 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid (c) Hexanedial
Problem 9
Which of the two: \(\mathrm{O}_{2} \mathrm{NCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}^{-}\) or \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{O}^{-}\) is expected to be more stable and why ?
Problem 10
Explain why alkyl groups act as electron donors when attached to a \(\pi\) system.
Problem 11
Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation. (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\) (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NO}_{2}\) (c) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CHCHO}\) (d) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}-\mathrm{CHO}\) (e) \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5}-\mathrm{CH}_{2}\) (f) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}=\mathrm{CH} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{H}_{2}\)
Problem 12
What are electrophiles and nucleophiles ? Explain with examples.
