Question

Research each of the following using an Internet search engine (e.g., Google.com or Yahoo.com) and cite your URL reference. What is the boiling point of liquid hydrogen in \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F} ?{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ? \mathrm{~K} ?\)

Short answer

The boiling point of liquid hydrogen is approximately -423.182 °F, -252.879 °C, and 20.271 K.

Step-by-step solution

Search for Boiling Point in Kelvin

Using a search engine, look up the boiling point of liquid hydrogen in Kelvin. One reliable source you might find is the NIST Chemistry WebBook, which is a trusted scientific database.

Convert Kelvin to Celsius

Given the boiling point of liquid hydrogen in Kelvin is approximately 20.271 K, use the conversion formula from Kelvin to Celsius: \[ C = K - 273.15 \] Thus, \[ C = 20.271 - 273.15 = -252.879 ^\circ C \].

Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, use the conversion formula: \[ F = \left( C \times \frac{9}{5} \right) + 32 \] Using the converted temperature, we get: \[ F = \left( -252.879 \times \frac{9}{5} \right) + 32 = -423.182 ^\circ F \].

Cite the Source

Make sure to record the URLs of the reliable sources used for the temperature information; for example, "The NIST Chemistry WebBook." The actual citation should follow the formatting guidelines prescribed by your instructor or institution.

Key concepts

Kelvin to Celsius conversion

In the world of thermodynamics and scientific measurements, temperature is a critical parameter. One way to express temperature is in the Kelvin scale, designated with the letter 'K'. However, everyday temperature readings often use the Celsius scale (*°C*), especially in science and educational environments.
The conversion between these two scales is very straightforward. The formula to convert Kelvin to Celsius is:

• \[C = K - 273.15\]

This formula essentially states that you subtract 273.15 from the Kelvin temperature to find the Celsius value. In the case of liquid hydrogen, with its boiling point of approximately 20.271 K, the conversion is quite simple:

• \[-252.879 °C = 20.271 \, K - 273.15\]

Kelvin is often used in scientific research because its value is absolute, with 0 Kelvin representing absolute zero, the point at which particles have minimal vibrational movement. This makes it a vital scale for calculations in physics and chemistry.

Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion

Although the Celsius scale is popular in most of the world, the United States and some other countries primarily use the Fahrenheit scale (*°F*) for most temperature readings. There are situations, especially when you are transitioning between systems, where you need to convert a Celsius temperature to Fahrenheit.
You can do this with the following formula:

• \[F = \left( C \times \frac{9}{5} \right) + 32\]

Simply multiply the Celsius temperature by 9/5 and then add 32 to get the Fahrenheit reading. For instance, with the boiling point of liquid hydrogen calculated as \(-252.879 °C\), converting this to Fahrenheit results in:

• \[-423.182 °F = (-252.879 \/, °C \times \frac{9}{5}) + 32\]

Understanding the conversion between these two units is crucial if you encounter data in one system and need to report or use it in another. It is a common exercise in scientific study to ensure accuracy and better understanding.

Scientific resources

When engaging with scientific research and calculations, it is vital to rely on reputable and accurate sources of information. The NIST Chemistry WebBook is an excellent example of such a resource. NIST stands for the National Institute of Standards and Technology. They provide a wealth of information ranging from chemical data to physical and engineering properties.
When searching for scientific data online, ensure that you identify sources that are credible. Look for institutions, universities, or government-sponsored databases that offer educational or scientific insights. These resources are often peer-reviewed and regularly updated to reflect the latest research.
Citing your sources correctly is key, especially in an academic setting. Referencing the URL and publication details of your information ensures transparency and credibility in your work. Always follow the citation style guide recommended by your educational institution, whether it's APA, MLA, Chicago, or another format, to maintain rigor in your educational practice.