Question

State the physical quantity that is measured using the following instruments. (a) metric ruler (b) electronic balance (c) graduated cylinder (d) stopwatch

Short answer

(a) Length, (b) Mass, (c) Volume, (d) Time.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Metric Ruler

A metric ruler is a tool used to measure length or distance. It typically has markings in millimeters and centimeters to allow precise measurement of the length of an object.

Exploring the Electronic Balance

An electronic balance is used to measure mass. It provides precise mass measurements in units such as grams or kilograms, allowing for accurate measurement of the mass of an object.

Learning about the Graduated Cylinder

A graduated cylinder is used to measure volume, especially the volume of liquids. It is marked with lines to denote the volume in milliliters, making it easy to determine how much liquid is contained.

Timing with the Stopwatch

A stopwatch is used to measure time. It allows for the precise measurement of intervals, making it useful in experiments where timing is critical.

Key concepts

Metric Ruler

A metric ruler is an essential tool in science and everyday life. This type of ruler is specifically designed to measure length or distance. Typically, it is divided into two units of measurement - millimeters and centimeters.
This allows for precise readings in scientific and mathematical contexts. By understanding and using a metric ruler, one can easily measure objects, ensuring that measurements are both accurate and easy to obtain.

• Millimeters are the smaller markings on a metric ruler and allow for precise measurements of tiny objects.
• Centimeters are larger divisions and are helpful for measuring longer lengths.

Using a metric ruler is straightforward – simply align the zero mark with one end of the object, and then read the measurement at the other end.

Electronic Balance

An electronic balance is a highly accurate tool used to measure mass. Unlike traditional balances, electronic versions provide digital readouts, often to the nearest hundredth or thousandth of a gram. This precision makes them indispensable in laboratory settings.
Electronic balances work by using sensors that detect the force exerted by the mass on a pan and converting this force into an electronic signal.

• They are easy to use because the readout displays the exact mass without needing manual calculations.
• Many balances come with tare functions, allowing you to subtract the mass of containers they hold automatically.

When using an electronic balance, it's important to ensure it's on a stable surface and calibrated for accurate results.

Graduated Cylinder

A graduated cylinder is specialized for measuring the volume of liquids. It is a tall, narrow container marked with precise measurement lines. These lines represent milliliters (ml), which allow for accurate volume readings. Particularly in chemistry and biology, the graduated cylinder is a must-have tool for anyone needing to measure liquids precisely.
When using a graduated cylinder, it's important to read the measurement at the bottom of the meniscus, which is the curve formed by the liquid at the surface.

• Made typically of glass or clear plastic, allowing for easy viewing of liquid levels.
• Available in various sizes, catering to both small and large volume measurements.

For best results, always place the cylinder on a flat surface and view it at eye level when taking readings.

Stopwatch

A stopwatch is an essential tool in timing events and experiments. Designed to measure precise intervals of time, stopwatches are used in a variety of fields, from sports to science. For instance, they help in determining how long a particular process takes, which is critical in experiments where timing can affect outcomes.
Stopwatches are straightforward to use and typically feature buttons for start, stop, and reset functions.

• They can measure time from seconds to hours, making them versatile for numerous applications.
• Many digital stopwatches provide lap functions, great for timing multiple events in quick succession.

When using a stopwatch, one should ensure it is set to zero before starting and pay careful attention to the time elapsed for precision.