Question

Write a structural formula for each of the following compounds. a. 2,3 -dimethylheptane b. 2,2 -dimethyl- 3 -chloro- 1 -octanol c. 2 -chloro-1-hexene d. 1 -chloro-2-hexene e. 2 -methylphenol

Short answer

The structural formulas for the given compounds are: a. 2,3-dimethylheptane: CH₃-CH(CH₃)-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ b. 2,2-dimethyl-3-chloro-1-octanol: CH₂OH-CH(CH₃)₂-C(Cl)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ c. 2-chloro-1-hexene: CH=CH(Cl)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ d. 1-chloro-2-hexene: CH(Cl)-CH=CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ e. 2-methylphenol: CH₃ ↙ OH↙ ↳═↼═↼═Ｃ ═⇒¢═⇒═⇒

Step-by-step solution

Compound a: 2,3-dimethylheptane

1. Identify the main chain: Heptane is a hydrocarbon chain with 7 carbons. Draw a straight chain with 7 carbons. 2. Add the substituents: Add two methyl groups (CH₃), one at the second carbon and one at the third carbon of the main chain. The structural formula for 2,3-dimethylheptane is: CH₃-CH(CH₃)-CH(CH₃)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Compound b: 2,2-dimethyl-3-chloro-1-octanol

1. Identify the main chain: Octane is a hydrocarbon chain with 8 carbons. Draw a straight chain with 8 carbons. 2. Add the substituents: Add a hydroxyl group (OH) at the first carbon, two methyl groups (CH₃) at the second carbon, and a chlorine atom at the third carbon of the main chain. The structural formula for 2,2-dimethyl-3-chloro-1-octanol is: CH₂OH-CH(CH₃)₂-C(Cl)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Compound c: 2-chloro-1-hexene

1. Identify the main chain: Hexene is a hydrocarbon chain with 6 carbons and a double bond. Draw a straight chain with 6 carbons and place a double bond between the first and second carbons. 2. Add the substituents: Add a chlorine atom at the second carbon of the main chain. The structural formula for 2-chloro-1-hexene is: CH=CH(Cl)-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Compound d: 1-chloro-2-hexene

1. Identify the main chain: Hexene is a hydrocarbon chain with 6 carbons and a double bond. Draw a straight chain with 6 carbons and place a double bond between the second and third carbons. 2. Add the substituents: Add a chlorine atom at the first carbon of the main chain. The structural formula for 1-chloro-2-hexene is: CH(Cl)-CH=CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃

Compound e: 2-methylphenol

1. Identify the main ring: Phenol refers to a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (OH) attached. Draw a benzene ring (6 carbon atoms in a ring) and label the carbon atoms, starting with the carbon connected to the hydroxyl group as 1, and going clockwise. 2. Add the substituents: Add a methyl group (CH₃) at the second carbon of the benzene ring, which is next to the hydroxyl group. The structural formula for 2-methylphenol is: CH₃ ↙ OH↙ ↳═↼═↼═Ｃ ═⇒¢═⇒═⇒

Key concepts

Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-containing compounds. These compounds are known as organic compounds, and they are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, often with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens.
Organic chemistry is foundational for understanding how various chemical reactions occur within biological systems as well as in synthetic environments.
Organic chemistry plays a key role in the development of numerous everyday products like plastics, pharmaceuticals, fuels, and dyes. The unique ability of carbon atoms to form stable bonds with each other and other elements allows for the vast diversity of organic compounds.
Learning about organic chemistry is not only crucial for understanding complex chemical processes but also for developing new chemical entities that benefit society.

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They form the simplest type of organic compounds and are classified into several categories based on their bonding structures:

• Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds only (e.g., methane, ethane).
• Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon double bond (e.g., ethene, propene).
• Alkynes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (e.g., acetylene).
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: Contain one or more benzene-like rings (e.g., benzene, toluene).

Understanding hydrocarbons is important because they form the foundational framework for more complex organic molecules.
They also play a vital role in the chemical and energy industries, as they are the primary components of fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal.
Many synthetic materials, like plastic, also derive from hydrocarbons, making them essential in industrial applications. Recognizing different types of hydrocarbons and their properties helps in comprehending their reactivity and use in various chemical processes.

Chemical Nomenclature

Chemical nomenclature refers to the system of naming chemical compounds and it provides a standardized language for scientists and chemists around the world to communicate compounds and their structure effectively. For organic chemistry, this system includes recognizing different parts of a molecule, identifying their order, and knowing the correct prefixes, infixes, and suffixes to use.
Organic nomenclature typically involves:

• Identifying the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms (the parent chain).
• Recognizing and naming substituents attached to the main chain.
• Determining the position of substituents using number locants.
• Combining the names of substituents and the parent chain in the right order.

Nomenclature ensures that each compound has a unique name that describes its molecular structure accurately.
It helps in predicting chemical behavior and understanding molecular geometry and function. Knowledge of chemical nomenclature is crucial for anyone studying or working in chemistry, as it provides clarity and precision in scientific discussions and documentation.