Question

According to Arrhenius, bases are species that produce ions in aqueous solution.

Short answer

According to the Arrhenius theory, bases are species that produce hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) in aqueous solution. For example, when sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in water, it ionizes into sodium ions (\(Na^+\)) and hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) as represented by the following reaction: \[ NaOH_{(s)} \rightarrow Na^+_{(aq)} + OH^-_{(aq)} \]

Step-by-step solution

Understand the Arrhenius theory of acids and bases

Arrhenius theory was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1884 to explain the properties of acids and bases. According to this theory, acids are substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (\(H^+\)) in an aqueous solution, while bases are substances that increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) in an aqueous solution.

Identify bases according to Arrhenius

Within the Arrhenius theory, bases can be identified as those compounds that produce hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) when dissolved in water. This means that when we dissolve a base in water, it will react in a way that releases hydroxide ions into the solution, increasing their concentration.

Example of a base producing ions in aqueous solution

Let's consider the example of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) being dissolved in water. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, and when it's dissolved in water, it ionizes to produce hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) and sodium ions (\(Na^+\)). The chemical reaction can be represented as follows: \[ NaOH_{(s)} \rightarrow Na^+_{(aq)} + OH^-_{(aq)} \] In this equation, the solid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dissolves in water and splits into sodium ions (\(Na^+\)) and hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)), which are both present in the aqueous solution. As the concentration of hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) increases, the solution becomes more basic according to the Arrhenius theory.

Key concepts

Acids and Bases

The concept of acids and bases is integral to understanding chemistry, and the Arrhenius theory gives this discussion a firm foundation. Acids, as per Arrhenius, are substances that, when dissolved in water, increase the concentration of hydrogen ions, represented as \(H^+\). These ions are protons, as a hydrogen ion is essentially a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron. On the other hand, bases are substances that release hydroxide ions, \(OH^-\), into the solution upon dissolution.

What makes a solution acidic or basic is the presence and concentration of these ions. Acids provide more \(H^+\) ions, making the solution acidic, while bases provide more \(OH^-\) ions, creating a basic or alkaline environment. This distinction is crucial because the properties of acidic and basic solutions are markedly different, affecting everything from taste and texture to reactivity and pH levels.

Hydroxide Ions

Hydroxide ions (\(OH^-\)) play a pivotal role in determining the basicity of a solution. These anions are composed of one oxygen and one hydrogen atom and carry a negative charge. In Arrhenius theory, the presence of hydroxide ions is key to identifying a substance as a base when it's dissolved in water.

For instance, when a base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dissolved in water, it dissociates to release \(Na^+\) and \(OH^-\) ions. The increase in the concentration of \(OH^-\) ions signifies a rise in the solution's pH, making it more basic. Hydroxide ions are highly reactive and can engage in numerous chemical reactions, particularly neutralization when they react with hydrogen ions to form water.

Aqueous Solutions

An aqueous solution is a solution where water is the solvent, meaning it's the substance that dissolves another substance, referred to as the solute. In the context of Arrhenius theory, the reactions of acids and bases take place in aqueous solutions, which means water is essential for the interaction of acids and bases and the subsequent production of ions.

Water's unique properties as a solvent stem from its polar nature, allowing it to dissolve a wide range of substances by surrounding and separating individual ions or molecules. This characteristic makes water the perfect medium for the reactions involving acids and bases as defined by the Arrhenius theory. It's important to note that the behavior of substances can vary greatly between being dissolved in water and in other solvents.

Chemical Reaction

A chemical reaction involves the transformation of reactants into products through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. In the scope of the Arrhenius theory, the reaction between an acid or a base with water to produce ions is a prime example of a chemical reaction.

For example, our earlier reference to sodium hydroxide demonstrates a straightforward chemical reaction where the solid NaOH turns into its constituent ions in water, showcasing the dissociation that happens within an aqueous solution. Additionally, a simple yet fundamental chemical reaction frequently discussed is the neutralization process, where an acid and a base react to form water and a salt, often simplifying the otherwise complex network of reactions observed in chemistry.