Question

List the names, symbols, and atomic numbers of the top four elements in Groups \(3,5,\) and 8.

Short answer

Group 3: Scandium (Sc, 21), Yttrium (Y, 39), Lanthanum (La, 57), Actinium (Ac, 89); Group 5: Vanadium (V, 23), Niobium (Nb, 41), Tantalum (Ta, 73), Dubnium (Db, 105); Group 8: Iron (Fe, 26), Ruthenium (Ru, 44), Osmium (Os, 76), Hassium (Hs, 108).

Step-by-step solution

Group 3 Elements

Referring to the periodic table, the top four elements in Group 3 are: 1. Scandium (Sc) - Atomic number 21 2. Yttrium (Y) - Atomic number 39 3. Lanthanum (La) - Atomic number 57 4. Actinium (Ac) - Atomic number 89

Group 5 Elements

The top four elements in Group 5 are: 1. Vanadium (V) - Atomic number 23 2. Niobium (Nb) - Atomic number 41 3. Tantalum (Ta) - Atomic number 73 4. Dubnium (Db) - Atomic number 105

Group 8 Elements

Finally, the top four elements in Group 8 are: 1. Iron (Fe) - Atomic number 26 2. Ruthenium (Ru) - Atomic number 44 3. Osmium (Os) - Atomic number 76 4. Hassium (Hs) - Atomic number 108

Key concepts

Atomic Number

The atomic number is a fundamental property of an element found on the periodic table. It represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. This number is unique to each element and is crucial in distinguishing one element from another.
In a neutral atom, the atomic number also equals the number of electrons, which dictates the element's chemical behavior. Understanding the atomic number helps in identifying elements just by their position on the periodic table. For instance, Scandium, with an atomic number of 21, indicates it has 21 protons and 21 electrons under neutral conditions.

• Helps define the element's identity
• Corresponds to the element's position in the periodic table
• Allows prediction of chemical properties

The atomic number is a central concept in chemistry as it helps in understanding how elements interact and form bonds with each other.

Element Groups

Element groups in the periodic table are vertical columns that categorize elements with similar chemical and physical properties. These groups are numbered from 1 to 18. Each group shares a common theme in electron behavior, specifically the number of valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost shell.

For example, Group 3 has elements such as Scandium and Yttrium, both having similar properties in terms of reactivity and electron configuration.

• Elements in the same group often form similar types of compounds
• Groups help predict reactivity patterns
• Provide a systematic way to categorize elements

Understanding element groups aids in predicting how an element might react in chemical reactions and what kind of compounds it may form. This systematic grouping helps chemists understand trends across different periods and blocks of elements.

Chemical Symbols

Chemical symbols are shorthand notations for elements, consisting of one or two letters. These symbols are universally recognized and standardized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). They usually stem from either the English name of the element, such as "Fe" for Iron, or from other languages, like "Pb" for Lead (Plumbum in Latin).
These symbols are crucial when writing chemical equations and formulas because they simplify the representation of elements and compounds.

• Enables concise communication in Chemistry
• Provides a universal language for scientists worldwide
• Used to quickly identify and refer to elements

By understanding chemical symbols, learners can quickly decode and understand the makeup of complex chemical formulas and reactions.