Question

Choose one of the following terms to match the description given. a. aldohexose n. glycogen b. saliva o. glycoside linkage c. antibody p. hormone d. cellulose q. hydrophobic e. ${\mathrm{CH}}_2\mathrm{O}$ I. inhibition f. cysteine s. ketohexoses g. denaturation t. oxytocin h. disaccharides u. pleated sheet i. disulfide v. polypeptide j. DNA w. polysaccharides k. enzymes x. primary structure 1\. fibrous y. substrate m. globular z. sucrose six-carbon ketone sugars

Short answer

The term that matches the description "six-carbon ketone sugars" is: s. ketohexoses

Step-by-step solution

Identifying the relevant terms

Go through the list of terms and find the ones related to sugars. In this case, we have: a. aldohexose, s. ketohexoses, h. disaccharides, w. polysaccharides, and z. sucrose

Understanding the description

The description we want to match denotes "six-carbon ketone sugars." This means we are looking for a term that refers to sugars that have six carbon atoms and are also ketones.

Matching the term

Out of the given terms related to sugars, the term that matches the description is s. ketohexoses Ketohexoses are six-carbon (hexose) sugars that have a ketone functional group.

Key concepts

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are one of the fundamental biomolecules essential for life. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Think of them as the body's primary energy currency. Carbohydrates play key roles in energy storage and are involved in structural and signaling functions within cells.
In carbohydrates, the general formula is $(C_n(H_{2}O{)}_m)$, showing that they are composed of repeating units of sugars. They can vary in size from simple sugars to large polysaccharides. Important types of carbohydrates include:

• Monosaccharides: basic sugar units like glucose and fructose.
• Disaccharides: two sugar units linked together, such as sucrose.
• Polysaccharides: complex carbs with many sugar units, like starch and cellulose.

Understanding these types helps us appreciate their diverse roles in organisms, from providing quick energy to forming structural components such as cell walls in plants.

Ketohexoses

Ketohexoses are a fascinating subgroup of carbohydrates. They include sugars that contain six carbon atoms and have a ketone group. The presence of this ketone group is what distinguishes ketohexoses from aldohexoses, which have an aldehyde group instead.
Ketohexoses are crucial in biological processes. For example, fructose is a common ketohexose found in many foods. It plays significant roles in metabolism and energy production.
Key characteristics of ketohexoses include:

• They have three chiral centers, leading to various stereoisomers — different forms of the same sugar.
• They form five-membered rings called furanoses, differing from the six-membered rings (pyranoses) seen in aldohexoses.

Understanding ketohexoses helps explain the diversity and complexity of carbohydrates in biological systems.

Functional Groups

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. Each type of functional group has a specific set of properties and reactivity.
Functional groups significantly influence the behavior of molecules. In carbohydrates, different functional groups modify basic sugar structures, affecting their properties and roles:

• Aldehyde Group (-CHO): Found in aldohexoses, it is crucial for reactions leading to ring formation.
• Ketone Group (C=O): Present in ketohexoses, this group allows these sugars to participate in vital metabolic pathways.
• Hydroxyl Groups (-OH): Abundant in carbohydrates, they play an essential role in the solubility and reactivity of sugars.

Understanding functional groups enables us to comprehend the diverse chemical behavior and interactions of organic compounds, underpinning a variety of biochemical processes essential for life.