Chapter 15

What are some physical properties that historically led chemists to classify various substances as acids and bases?

In the Arrhenius definition, what characterizes an acid? What characterizes a base? Why are the Arrhenius definitions too restrictive?

What is an acid in the Bronsted-Lowry model? What is a base? What specific ion is the basis for the Bransted-Lowry model for acid-base reactions?

How do the components of a conjugate acid-base pair differ from one another? Give an example of a conjugate acid-base pair to lllustrate your answer.

Using the symbol HA to represent a general acid, write an equation showing how HA forms its conjugate Bronsted-Lowry base when dissolved in water.

When an acid is dissolved in water, what ion does the water form? What is the relationship of this ion to water itself?

Which of the following form a conjugate acid-base pair? For those pairs that are not conjugate acid-base pairs, write the correct conjugate acid-base pair for each species. a. ${\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{PO}}_4,{\mathrm{PO}}_4^{3-}$ b. $HBr,BrO$ c.$HCN,CN-$ d. $HF,F"$

Which of the following represent conjugate acidbase pairs? For those pairs that are not conjugates, write the correct conjugate acid or base for each species in the pair. a. ${\mathrm{HSO}}_4^{-},{\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}$ b. $HBr,Br$ c. ${\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{PO}}_4^{-},{\mathrm{PO}}_4^{3-}$ d. ${\mathrm{HNO}}_3,{\mathrm{NO}}_2^{-}$

In each of the following chemical equations, identify the conjugate acid-base pairs. a. $\mathrm{HF}+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{F}}^{-}+{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ b. ${\mathrm{CN}}^{-}+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\rightleftharpoons \mathrm{HCN}+{\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$ c. ${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{H}}_2{\mathrm{CO}}_3+{\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$

In each of the following chemical equations, identify the conjugate acid-base pairs. a. ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{NH}}_3+{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ b. ${\mathrm{HC}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_2+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}_2^{-}+{\mathrm{H}}_3{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ c. ${\mathrm{CH}}_3{\mathrm{NH}}_2+{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\rightleftharpoons {\mathrm{CH}}_3{\mathrm{NH}}_3^{+}+\mathrm{OH}$