Question

Discuss the similarities and differences between the arrangements of molecules and the forces between molecules in liquid water versus steam, and in liquid water versus ice.

Short answer

In conclusion, liquid water has closely packed molecules with continuous formation and breaking of hydrogen bonds due to thermal motion, while steam has molecules further apart and weaker attractive forces. Ice has a regular crystalline lattice, with stable and strong hydrogen bonds forming a solid structure. The primary difference between these states of matter is the degree of stability in the hydrogen bonds.

Step-by-step solution

1. Molecular arrangements in liquid water, steam, and ice

In liquid water, the molecules are closely packed but are in constant motion, allowing them to flow around each other. They form and break hydrogen bonds continuously due to thermal motion. In steam, which is the gas phase of water, the molecules are further apart and move more freely in random directions. The attractive forces between the molecules are weaker in the gas phase compared to the liquid phase. In ice, which is the solid phase of water, the molecules are arranged in a regular crystalline lattice. The hydrogen bonds are relatively stable and hold the structure together, resulting in a solid state.

2. Forces between molecules in liquid water, steam, and ice

In liquid water, the predominant force between the molecules is the hydrogen bond. These bonds are relatively strong, yet they are continuously formed and broken due to the thermal motion of the molecules. Hydrogen bonds come from the electrostatic attraction between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule. In steam, the hydrogen bonds are fewer and weaker due to the increased distance and motion between molecules. There is still an attractive force between the water molecules, but it is weaker than in the liquid phase. In ice, the hydrogen bonds are more stable and stronger compared to that of liquid water. This is because the molecules are arranged in a regular crystalline lattice. The hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules together in a relatively fixed position, forming a solid structure. In conclusion, the primary difference between the arrangements and forces between molecules in liquid water, steam, and ice is the degree of stability in the hydrogen bonds, which is affected by the state of matter. In liquid water, there is a balance between the formation and breaking of hydrogen bonds, while in steam, the bonds are weaker and less stable due to increased distance between the molecules. In ice, the regular crystalline lattice creates a strong and stable hydrogen bonding network leading to a solid structure.