Question

When elements in the second and third periods occur in compounds, what number of electrons in the valence shell represents the most stable electron arrangement? Why?

Short answer

The most stable electron arrangement for elements in the second and third periods when they occur in compounds is 8 electrons in the valence shell, following the octet rule. This is because a complete valence shell, resembling the configuration of noble gases, minimizes the potential energy and reduces the element's reactivity.

Step-by-step solution

Identifying Second and Third Period Elements

First, let's identify the elements in the second and third periods: - Second period: Lithium (Li) to Neon (Ne) - Third period: Sodium (Na) to Argon (Ar) These elements have atomic numbers ranging from 3 to 10 for the second period and 11 to 18 for the third period.

Understanding Electron Configuration and Stability

An element's electron configuration refers to the distribution of electrons in the electron shells and subshells surrounding the atomic nucleus. The most stable electron configuration is the one in which the element has a complete valence (outermost) shell. For the elements in the second and third periods, the most stable configuration is achieved when their s and p orbitals in the valence shell are full. The s orbitals can hold up to 2 electrons, while the p orbitals can hold up to 6 electrons. Therefore, the maximum capacity of the valence shell for elements in these periods is 8 electrons.

Determining Most Stable Electron Arrangement

For elements in the second and third periods, having 8 electrons in the valence shell (s and p orbitals combined) results in the most stable electron configuration. This is known as the octet rule, which states that atoms are most stable when they have a complete valence shell resembling that of the noble gases.

Reasoning for the Most Stable Electron Arrangement

The reason for this stability is that having a complete valence shell minimizes the potential energy that the electrons experience. This full outer shell lowers the atom's reactivity, as it does not tend to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to complete its valence shell. The noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn) are examples of elements with full valence shells that are chemically inert. In conclusion, for elements in the second and third periods when they occur in compounds, the most stable electron arrangement in the valence shell is the one comprising 8 electrons, reflecting the octet rule. This stable configuration is achieved by having a complete valence shell, which mimics the electron configuration of noble gases.