Question

Explain what the "duet" and "octet" rules are and how they are used to describe the arrangement of electrons in a molecule.

Short answer

The duet rule states that hydrogen atoms will generally have two electrons in their valence shell when forming molecules, while the octet rule states that main-group elements will generally have eight electrons in their valence shell when forming molecules. These rules help predict the arrangement of electrons in molecules and the nature of chemical bonds. For example, in a water molecule (H2O), oxygen forms two single covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms, following the octet rule, and the hydrogen atoms follow the duet rule. Exceptions to these rules exist, notably in transition metals and molecules with expanded valence shells.

Step-by-step solution

What are the duet and octet rules?

The "duet rule" and "octet rule" are guidelines used in chemistry to predict the arrangement of electrons in molecules. The duet rule is primarily applicable for hydrogen atoms, while the octet rule is applicable for most other elements, particularly those located in Groups 1, 2, and 13–18. The duet rule states that hydrogen atoms will generally have two electrons in their valence shell when they form molecules. This is because hydrogen atoms have only one energy level (the 1s orbital) and can hold a maximum of two electrons. The octet rule states that, for main-group elements, atoms will generally have eight electrons in their valence shell when they form molecules. When an atom follows the octet rule, it obtains a stable electron configuration similar to that of noble gases, which are notable for their low reactivity.

Application of the duet and octet rules

The duet and octet rules are used to predict the arrangement of electrons in molecules by describing the sharing, loss, or gain of electrons that occurs between atoms. For hydrogen atoms, the duet rule is followed due to its low electron capacity. If hydrogen has only one electron, it will share, lose, or gain an electron to reach a stable electron configuration. For example, when hydrogen forms a molecule with another hydrogen atom (H2), each hydrogen atom shares one electron with another to fulfill the duet rule. For other main-group elements, the octet rule is followed. Atoms will share, lose, or gain electrons to achieve a stable configuration with eight electrons in their valence shell. This can involve forming single, double, or triple covalent bonds, or even ionic bonds. For example, in a water molecule (H2O), oxygen has six valence electrons and needs two more to fulfill the octet rule. It achieves this by forming two single covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms, each contributing one electron. In this arrangement, the oxygen atom follows the octet rule, and the hydrogen atoms follow the duet rule.

Important points and exceptions

It's important to note that the duet and octet rules are not universally applicable to all elements. There are exceptions, such as those involving d- and f- orbitals or other unusual electron configurations. For example, elements from Groups 3–12 (transition metals) don't strictly follow the octet rule due to their involvement of d- and f- orbitals in bonding. Additionally, some atoms can form molecules that have an expanded valence shell (more than 8 electrons), like sulfur in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Nonetheless, the duet and octet rules provide a useful starting point for understanding the arrangement of electrons in molecules and predicting the nature of chemical bonds.