Question

Write the complete orbital diagram for each of the following elements, using boxes to represent orbitals and arrows to represent electrons. a. helium, \(Z=2\) b. neon, \(Z=10\) c. krypton, \(Z=36\) d. xenon, \(Z=54\)

Short answer

The orbital diagrams for the given elements are as follows: a. Helium: 1s: [↑↓] b. Neon: 1s: [↑↓] 2s: [↑↓] 2p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] c. Krypton: 1s: [↑↓] 2s: [↑↓] 2p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 3s: [↑↓] 3p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4s: [↑↓] 3d: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] d. Xenon: 1s: [↑↓] 2s: [↑↓] 2p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 3s: [↑↓] 3p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4s: [↑↓] 3d: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 5s: [↑↓] 4d: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 5p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓]

Step-by-step solution

a. Helium, \(Z=2\)

Since helium has 2 electrons, we will fill the orbitals according to the Aufbau Principle. 1. The first electron occupies the lowest energy orbital: 1s ↑ 2. The second electron occupies the 1s orbital as well but with opposite spin: 1s ↓ The orbital diagram for helium is: 1s: [↑↓]

b. Neon, \(Z=10\)

Since neon has 10 electrons, we will fill the orbitals according to the Aufbau Principle. 1. Fill the 1s orbital with two electrons: 1s ↑↓ 2. Fill the 2s orbital with two electrons: 2s ↑↓ 3. Fill the 2p orbitals, three orbitals in total, with six electrons: 2p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ The orbital diagram for neon is: 1s: [↑↓] 2s: [↑↓] 2p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓]

c. Krypton, \(Z=36\)

Since krypton has 36 electrons, we will fill the orbitals according to the Aufbau Principle. 1. Fill the 1s orbital with 2 electrons: 1s ↑↓ 2. Fill the 2s orbital with 2 electrons: 2s ↑↓ 3. Fill the 2p orbitals with 6 electrons: 2p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 4. Fill the 3s orbital with 2 electrons: 3s ↑↓ 5. Fill the 3p orbitals with 6 electrons: 3p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 6. Fill the 4s orbital with 2 electrons: 4s ↑↓ 7. Fill the 3d orbitals with 10 electrons: 3d ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 8. Fill the 4p orbitals with 6 electrons: 4p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ The orbital diagram for krypton is: 1s: [↑↓] 2s: [↑↓] 2p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 3s: [↑↓] 3p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4s: [↑↓] 3d: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓]

d. Xenon, \(Z=54\)

Since xenon has 54 electrons, we will fill the orbitals according to the Aufbau Principle. 1. Fill the 1s orbital with 2 electrons: 1s ↑↓ 2. Fill the 2s orbital with 2 electrons: 2s ↑↓ 3. Fill the 2p orbitals with 6 electrons: 2p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 4. Fill the 3s orbital with 2 electrons: 3s ↑↓ 5. Fill the 3p orbitals with 6 electrons: 3p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 6. Fill the 4s orbital with 2 electrons: 4s ↑↓ 7. Fill the 3d orbitals with 10 electrons: 3d ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 8. Fill the 4p orbitals with 6 electrons: 4p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 9. Fill the 5s orbital with 2 electrons: 5s ↑↓ 10.Fill the 4d orbitals with 10 electrons: 4d ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ 11.Fill the 5p orbitals with 6 electrons: 5p ↑↓, ↑↓, ↑↓ The orbital diagram for xenon is: 1s: [↑↓] 2s: [↑↓] 2p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 3s: [↑↓] 3p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4s: [↑↓] 3d: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 4p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 5s: [↑↓] 4d: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓][↑↓] 5p: [↑↓][↑↓][↑↓]