Question

Name the following species using IUPAC nomenclatures \(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}^{-}, \mathrm{C}_{2}^{2-}, \mathrm{AsH}_{4}^{+},\left[\mathrm{O}_{2} \mathrm{P}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{SO}_{3}\right]^{3-}, \mathrm{Cr}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{18}^{2-}, \mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3} \cdot 10 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}, \mathrm{NH}_{3} \cdot \mathrm{BF}_{3}, \mathrm{~B}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10}\)

Short answer

Chlorate, Ethynediide, Arsenic tetrahydride ion, Tetrakis(µ-oxido)-oxido-phosphate(3-), Sodium carbonate decahydrate, Ammonia adduct one Boron trifluoride, Tetraborane(10). Multiplicative compound naming can be complex and beyond the scope of many introductory chemistry courses, so recognition of it is important, but naming may not always be possible.

Step-by-step solution

Naming Polyatomic Ions and Covalent Compounds.

Firstly, let's identify the polyatomic ions and covalent compounds. \(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}^{-}\) is a polyatomic ion with a single negative charge. It's named Chlorate. \(\mathrm{C}_{2}^{2-}\) is a diatomic carbon ion with a double negative charge. It's named Ethynediide. \(\mathrm{AsH}_{4}^{+}\) is a covalent compound named Arsenic tetrahydride ion.

Naming Complex Ions.

Next, we name the complex ion \(\left[\mathrm{O}_{2}\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{SO}_{3}\right]^{3-}\). Since sulfur is the central atom being coordinated with the other atoms, this ion is PREFIX-oxido-oxido-phosphate(3-). The PREFIX will be decided by the charge and total number of atoms coordinated to the sulfur atom. In this case, the prefix for four atoms is 'tetrakis', thus it is Tetrakis(µ-oxido)-oxido-phosphate(3-).

Naming Salt and Hydrate.

Next up, \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3} \cdot 10 \mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\) is a salt and a hydrate. The main compound is \(Na_2CO_3\), which is named Sodium carbonate. Since there are 10 molecules of water, it is a decahydrate. Therefore, the name is Sodium carbonate decahydrate.

Naming Adduct Compound.

\(\mathrm{NH}_{3} \cdot \mathrm{BF}_{3}\) is an adduct compound. It is expressed as: Name of adduct component + 'adduct' + number + Name of central component. In this case, it is named 'Ammonia adduct one Boron trifluoride'.

Naming a Cluster Compound.

Lastly, \(\mathrm{B}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\) is a cluster compound. It's named Tetraborane(10).

Naming Multiplicative Compound

\(\mathrm{Cr}_{4}\mathrm{O}_{18}^{2-}\) is a multiplicative compound. Name of such compounds include the word 'bis' or 'tris' etc., based on the number of central atoms. However, the compound listed above doesn't fall into any standard examples, thus it's a bit difficult to name it according to IUPAC nomenclature rules.

Key concepts

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic ions are ions that consist of more than one atom. They act as a single unit with a net charge due to the loss or gain of electrons. For example, the ion \(\mathrm{ClO}_{3}^{-}\), known as chlorate, comprises one chlorine atom bonded to three oxygen atoms and carries a net charge of -1.
Recognizing and naming these ions in chemical formulas are essential skills:

• The name often ends in '-ate' or '-ite,' indicating different oxygen contents.
• Knowledge of common ions like sulfate \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}\) or nitrate \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) fosters easier identification.
• The charge on polyatomic ions affects how they combine with other ions in compounds.

Complex Ions

Complex ions are entities where a central atom is bonded to a group of molecules or ions. In the example \(\left[\mathrm{O}_{2}\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{SO}_{3}\right]^{3-}\), the sulfur atom is centrally bonded to oxygen and phosphate groups.
Key features include:

• The central atom is usually a metal or another atom with the capacity to form multiple bonds.
• Names of complex ions often include prefixes that describe the number of ligands attached to the central atom, such as 'tetrakis' which indicates four groups.
• These ions can carry various charges, influencing how they interact in a larger compound.

Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, resulting in molecules where elements are connected by covalent bonds. An example is \(\mathrm{AsH}_{4}^{+}\), called arsenic tetrahydride ion.
Characteristics of covalent compounds involve:

• Typically consist of non-metal atoms.
• The naming often reflects the number of specific atoms by including prefixes such as 'tetra-' for four, as in tetrahydride.
• They can be neutral or bear a charge, resulting in covalent ions.

Hydrates

Hydrates are compounds that include water molecules within their crystal structure. A well-known example is \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3} \cdot 10 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\), sodium carbonate decahydrate.
Understanding hydrates involves:

• The water molecules are incorporated into the lattice and contribute to the physical properties.
• Prefixes like 'mono-', 'di-', 'tri-', and 'deca-' refer to the number of water molecules per formula unit.
• The naming shows the compound name followed by the number of water molecules, as in decahydrate for ten waters.

Adduct Compounds

Adduct compounds result from the bonding of two or more distinct chemical species through weak interactions. One example is \(\mathrm{NH}_{3} \cdot \mathrm{BF}_{3}\), ammonia adduct boron trifluoride.
The typical features of these compounds include:

• The components are often a Lewis base (electron donor) and a Lewis acid (electron acceptor).
• Naming involves specifying the contributing species and that it is an adduct.
• The interactions can alter the properties of individual molecules when they combine.

Cluster Compounds

Cluster compounds consist of a small, specific number of atoms, usually metals, bonded in a defined geometric arrangement. An example is \(\mathrm{B}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10}\), known as tetraborane(10).
Recognizing cluster compounds entails:

• The atoms often form a genome structure, leading to unique chemical properties.
• Naming tends to indicate the number of atoms in the cluster, such as 'tetraborane' referring to four boron atoms.
• These structures are important in understanding advanced material science and catalysis.