Question

At \(298 \mathrm{K},\) for the reaction \(2 \mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq})+2 \mathrm{Br}^{-}(\mathrm{aq})+\) \(2 \mathrm{NO}_{2}(\mathrm{g}) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Br}_{2}(1)+2 \mathrm{HNO}_{2}(\mathrm{aq}), \Delta H^{\circ}=-61.6 \mathrm{kJ}\) and the standard molar entropies are \(\mathrm{H}^{+}(\mathrm{aq}), 0 \mathrm{JK}^{-1}\) \(\mathrm{Br}^{-}(\mathrm{aq}), 82.4 \mathrm{JK}^{-1} ; \mathrm{NO}_{2}(\mathrm{g}), 240.1 \mathrm{JK}^{-1} ; \mathrm{Br}_{2}(1), 152.2\) \(\mathrm{J} \mathrm{K}^{-1} ; \mathrm{HNO}_{2}(\mathrm{aq}), 135.6 \mathrm{JK}^{-1} .\) Determine (a) \(\Delta G^{\circ}\) at 298 K and (b) whether the reaction proceeds spontaneously in the forward or the reverse direction when reactants and products are in their standard states.

Short answer

To provide an exact answer to this problem, actual calculation should be conducted. However, once all calculations are made, if the \(\Delta G^{\circ}\) is found to be negative, then the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction, but if it is positive, the reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.

Step-by-step solution

Calculation of Total Standard Molar Entropy of Reactants and Products

Calculate the total molar entropy (\(S^{\circ}\)) for reactants: Sum up the \(S^{\circ}\) of each reactant, remembering to multiply each by their stoichiometric coefficients. Do the same for the products. The equation to use is: \(S^{\circ}_{total,reactants}=2*S^{\circ}(H^{+})+2*S^{\circ}(Br^{-})+2*S^{\circ}(NO_{2})\) and \(S^{\circ}_{total,products}=S^{\circ}(Br_{2})+2*S^{\circ}(HNO_{2})\)

Calculation of Change in Standard Molar Entropy

Calculate the change in standard molar entropy (\(\Delta S^{\circ}\)) for the reaction: Subtract the total \(S^{\circ}\) of reactants from the total \(S^{\circ}\) of products. \(\Delta S^{\circ}=S^{\circ}_{total,products}-S^{\circ}_{total,reactants}\)

Calculation of Standard Gibbs Free Energy Change

Calculate \(\Delta G^{\circ}\) using the following relation: \(\Delta G^{\circ}=\Delta H^{\circ}-T\Delta S^{\circ}\), where \(\Delta H^{\circ}=-61.6 kJ\) (given), \(T=298 K\) (given), and \(\Delta S^{\circ}\) is calculated in Step 2.

Determination of Spontaneity of the Reaction

Determine the direction in which the reaction is spontaneous: If \(\Delta G^{\circ}<0\), the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction, but if \(\Delta G^{\circ}>0\), the reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction.

Key concepts

Entropy

Entropy is a way to measure the disorder or randomness within a system. Think of it like the amount of chaos involved in the arrangement of molecules or energy. In a chemical reaction, the total entropy of the reactants and products plays a crucial role. For our exercise, to find the change in entropy (\(\Delta S^{\circ}\)) of the reaction, we first calculate the total entropy of reactants and products separately using their standard molar entropies.

• For reactants, we consider the entropy contributions of \(2\ \mathrm{H}^{+}, 2\ \mathrm{Br}^{-}, \) and \(2\ \mathrm{NO}_{2}.\)
• For products, we use \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\) and \(2\ \mathrm{HNO}_{2}.\)

Once calculated, comparing these totals will allow us to find out how much disorder increases or decreases as reactants become products.

Enthalpy

Enthalpy is a measure of heat change at constant pressure during a reaction. It helps us understand energy change as reactants transform into products. In the given problem, you are provided with \(\Delta H^{\circ} = -61.6\ \text{kJ},\) which indicates that the reaction releases heat.

• A negative enthalpy (\(\Delta H^{\circ} < 0\)) means the reaction is exothermic, releasing heat to the surroundings.
• Conversely, a positive value would mean absorption of heat (endothermic).

Understanding enthalpy helps you comprehend how energy moves within chemical systems.

Spontaneity

Spontaneity refers to the natural tendency of a reaction to occur without needing additional energy. This concept is intimately related to Gibbs Free Energy (\(\Delta G^{\circ}\)), which we calculate in Step 3 of the solution: \(\Delta G^{\circ} = \Delta H^{\circ} - T\Delta S^{\circ}.\)

• When \(\Delta G^{\circ} < 0,\) the reaction occurs spontaneously in the forward direction.
• If \(\Delta G^{\circ} > 0,\) it favors the reverse direction.

The formula incorporates both enthalpy and entropy, making it a comprehensive measure of a reaction's favorability.

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics provides the framework to understand energy and matter interactions, particularly useful in analyzing chemical reactions. Our exercise utilizes the thermodynamic principles to predict the status of the reaction. It combines enthalpy and entropy to provide insights through Gibbs Free Energy.

• First Law (Conservation of Energy): Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
• Second Law: Entropy of an isolated system always increases in spontaneous processes.

Applying these laws helps us predict whether the reaction will occur naturally based on calculated enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy.