Question

What are the principal reasons that one theory might be adopted over a conflicting one?

Short answer

The main reasons to adopt one theory over a conflicting one could include: its credibility, comprehensibility, availability of evidence, usability, and sphere of influence. Ultimately, the choice may depend on factors such as the theory's explanatory power, internal consistency, empirical accuracy, simplicity, scope, and its acceptance among experts.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding Conflict in Theories

It's important to understand that theories can conflict when they propose different explanations for the same phenomenon. If two theories have contrary predictions or implications, they are in conflict.

Evaluating Theories

Next, consider the criteria commonly used for evaluating theories. These criteria include: the theory's explanatory power, internal consistency, empirical accuracy, simplicity, and scope. Also consider if the theory has predictive and retrodictive success. All of these can impact upon the theory's credibility.

Considering Usability of the Theory

A theory should also be evaluated on its usability or practical application. If a theory is difficult to use or interpret, or if it does not offer practical or usable implications, it may be less likely to be adopted.

Availability of Evidence

It is crucial to consider the availability and quality of evidence supporting a theory. A theory backed by strong empirical evidence is likely to be favoured over a contradicting theory with less or weaker evidence.

Sphere of Influence

Finally, it's also worth considering the sphere of influence surrounding the theory. This includes the theory's acceptance among experts, its appropriateness for certain fields or contexts, and how well the theory integrates with accepted knowledge in the field.

Key concepts

Explanatory Power

Whenever we evaluate competing theories, explanatory power emerges as a key criterion. A theory with high explanatory power helps us understand phenomena better because it explains underlying mechanisms and processes with clarity.
Explanatory power is not just about how many phenomena a theory can explain. It's also about depth and understanding.
A theory with great explanatory power often presents information in a logically coherent manner, making it easier for others to follow and understand. Such theories provide a robust framework for generating new research questions and hypotheses. This leads to further investigations and potentially more discoveries.
When a theory has explanatory power, it often predicts phenomena accurately, allowing researchers to anticipate future events or observations.

• A theory with high explanatory power is clear and concise.
• It should address the "why" and "how" questions effectively.
• Well-organized and systematic explanations are characteristic features.

In the case of competing theories, a theory with higher explanatory power is likely chosen over others because it illuminates the topic more effectively.

Empirical Evidence

Empirical evidence forms the backbone of any strong theory, providing it with stability and reliability. \( \text{Empirical evidence} \) refers to factual information gathered through observation, experimentation, or experience.
This evidence supports or refutes theoretical claims, forming a basis of credibility for any theory.When comparing theories, one key reason a theory might be adopted over another is because it has solid empirical evidence backing it. This type of evidence ensures that a theory isn't just built on assumptions or unfounded beliefs. It has been tested in various real-world situations and withstood scrutiny.
Moreover, empirical evidence can sometimes lead to the rejection of a theory if it consistently fails in experimental settings. This aspect ensures that scientific discourse remains dynamic and theories evolve over time.

• The stronger the empirical support, the more likely the theory is to be credible.
• Empirical evidence must be reproducible and verifiable.
• Genuine testing in real-world contexts strengthens the theoretical claims.

As a result, theories with a robust empirical foundation are often preferred as they demonstrate a proven track record of validity.

Practical Application

The practical application of a theory determines how effectively it can be used in real-world situations. A theory with strong practical applications is not only meaningful in an academic or theoretical sense but also beneficial in solving real-life problems.
It's crucial for a theory to provide specific guidance or principles that can be applied to everyday situations, challenges, or industries. The real-world usability of a theory might influence its acceptance. If a theory can be directly used to improve processes, products, or decisions, then it naturally holds more value and appeal.
In contrast, theories that fail to find relevance or application in the real world might be perceived as too abstract or limited to theoretical discussions.

• Theories should have clear guidelines for implementation.
• They should address practical issues effectively and efficiently.
• Versatility across various contexts can be a significant advantage.

A theory that seamlessly translates from textbook to action is highly valued, particularly in fields requiring immediate solutions or interventions. In essence, theories with significant practical applicability enhance their utility beyond theoretical boundaries.