Question

Which of these vitamins can serve as a cofactor? (a) \(\operatorname{Vitamin} \mathrm{A}\) (b) \(\operatorname{Vitamin} \mathrm{C}\) (c) Vitamin D

Short answer

Vitamin C can serve as a cofactor.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the role of cofactors

Cofactors are non-protein chemical compounds that are required for the biological activity of a protein, often an enzyme. They can be either organic molecules (coenzymes) or inorganic ions.

Identify water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins often serve as cofactors. Vitamin C is water-soluble, while vitamins A and D are fat-soluble.

Assess cofactor potential for each vitamin

Vitamin A is primarily associated with vision and cell growth, Vitamin D with calcium metabolism. Vitamin C functions as a cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen synthesis and other reactions.

Conclusion

Given the roles and solubility, Vitamin C can serve as a cofactor, specifically as a coenzyme in certain biochemical reactions.

Key concepts

Vitamins

Vitamins are essential nutrients that our bodies need to function properly. They are crucial for many biological processes, including metabolism, immunity, and cell and tissue repair. Unlike macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, vitamins are required in smaller amounts. Yet, their impact on health is significant. There are 13 essential vitamins, each with specific roles.

They are divided into two categories based on their solubility: water-soluble and fat-soluble. Water-soluble vitamins include the B-complex vitamins and Vitamin C, while vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble. Solubility affects how vitamins are absorbed and utilized by the body.

Understanding vitamins is critical not only for general health but also because some vitamins act as cofactors in enzymatic reactions, aiding in efficient cellular processes.

Water-soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. This means they must be consumed regularly in the diet. The body eliminates any excess through urine. When it comes to functioning as cofactors, water-soluble vitamins play a crucial role. They often act as coenzymes, which are organic non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

• For instance, most of the B vitamins are involved in energy production and red blood cell formation.
• Vitamin C is involved in collagen synthesis and acts as an antioxidant.

Soluble in water, these vitamins are readily absorbed into the bloodstream, making them effective in their roles as cofactors. Remember to include them regularly in your meals through sources like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Enzyme activity

Enzyme activity refers to the ability of enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions, enhancing the reaction rate. Enzymes are proteins that lower the activation energy of reactions, allowing biological processes to occur efficiently. Cofactors, including certain vitamins, are often essential for the proper functioning of enzymes. They may either activate the enzyme or be directly involved in the enzyme's activity.

• Coenzymes, a type of cofactor, are often required to support enzyme function. Many water-soluble vitamins serve as coenzymes.
• For example, Vitamin C acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the synthesis of collagen, aiding in wound healing and tissue repair.

Thus, the interplay between enzymes and cofactors is vital for maintaining numerous bodily functions. By understanding this relationship, one can appreciate the importance of vitamins and cofactors in health and disease prevention.