Question

Given these properties: Camphor: colorless needles; density \(=0.900 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\); sublimes at \(204{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ;\) insoluble in water; very soluble in ethanol or ether. Praseodymium chloride: blue-green needle crystals; density \(=4.02 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\); melting point \(786^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\); boiling point \(1700^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\); solubility \(103.9 \mathrm{~g} / 100 \mathrm{~mL}\) cold water, very soluble in hot water. (a) Is camphor an ionic or covalent compound? Explain your answer. (b) Is praseodymium chloride an ionic or covalent compound? Explain your answer.

Short answer

(a) Camphor is covalent due to low density, sublimation, and organic solubility. (b) Praseodymium chloride is ionic due to high density, solubility in water, and high melting/boiling points.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Nature of Camphor

Camphor is described as being colorless needles with a relatively low density of \(0.900 \mathrm{~g/cm^3}\) and is noted to sublime at \(204^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). It is also insoluble in water but very soluble in ethanol or ether. These properties suggest that camphor consists of non-metal elements forming predominantly covalent bonds.

Identifying Characteristics of Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds generally have low melting and boiling points, are poor conductors of electricity, and are not typically soluble in water but may dissolve in organic solvents like ethanol or ether. The properties of camphor, such as sublimation and solubility profile, align with these traits, supporting it being a covalent compound.

Assessing Camphor as a Covalent Compound

Given camphor's sublimation, low density, and solubility in organic solvents, it aligns well with the characteristics of covalent molecular compounds. The low density and sublimation indicate weak intermolecular forces, typical for covalent compounds.

Understanding the Nature of Praseodymium Chloride

Praseodymium chloride is described as blue-green needle crystals with a high density of \(4.02 \mathrm{~g/cm^3}\), and a significant melting point of \(786^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and boiling point of \(1700^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). It is highly soluble in water, which suggests ionic character.

Identifying Characteristics of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds usually exhibit high melting and boiling points, are usually very soluble in water, and conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. Praseodymium chloride's high melting and boiling points and solubility in water indicate it is an ionic compound.

Assessing Praseodymium Chloride as an Ionic Compound

Considering the properties such as high density, high melting and boiling points, and its solubility in water, praseodymium chloride conforms to the characteristics of an ionic compound.

Key concepts

Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds are a fascinating type of chemical bonds where two or more atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell. This sharing often occurs between non-metal elements, leading to the formation of molecules with distinct properties. Unlike ionic compounds, which tend to have high melting and boiling points, covalent compounds usually have lower melting and boiling points. This is due to the weak intermolecular forces present, such as van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds.

Some notable properties of covalent compounds include their poor conductivity of electricity, both in solid and liquid forms, due to the absence of free ions. Additionally, they are usually insoluble in water but can be quite soluble in organic solvents like ethanol or ether. This is why substances like camphor, which sublime at low temperatures and dissolve easily in organic solvents, are classified as covalent compounds.

Covalent compounds' behaviors are influenced by the specific non-metal atoms involved, their electronegativity differences, and the overall molecular structure. Such compounds can be found in all three states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - at room temperature, reflecting their varying molecular interactions.

Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds arise from the chemical bonding between metals and non-metals. This occurs when one atom gives up one or more electrons, which are accepted by another atom, creating ions. This transfer results in positively and negatively charged ions that are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. These forces account for the key properties of ionic compounds.

One primary characteristic of ionic compounds is their high melting and boiling points. This stems from the strong ionic bonds that require substantial amounts of energy to break. Additionally, ionic compounds typically form crystalline solids that are rigid and brittle under mechanical force. Another distinct feature is their high solubility in water, which allows them to dissociate into ions - a crucial process for conduction of electricity in aqueous solutions.

Praseodymium chloride exemplifies ionic behavior. With its high density and melting points, alongside significant solubility in water, it aligns neatly with ionic compound characteristics. When dissolved, the Praseodymium ions and Chloride ions are free to move, enabling electrical conductivity.

Properties of Substances

The properties of substances are crucial to understanding their chemical nature and potential applications. By examining properties such as melting and boiling points, conductivity, density, and solubility, one can infer whether a compound is ionic or covalent. Each of these properties provides insights into the bonds that hold the compound together and the forces acting between molecules.

For example, density often gives clues about molecular weight and structure. High density in praseodymium chloride hints at a compact crystal lattice typical of ionic compounds, whereas the low density of camphor suggests a lighter molecular assembly akin to covalent compounds. Solubility patterns - whether in polar or non-polar solvents - also reveal information about the bonding type. For instance, camphor's solubility in non-polar organic solvents confirms its covalent nature.

Understanding these properties is vital for applications in different fields ranging from pharmaceuticals to materials science. It allows scientists to predict reactivity, stability, and interaction with other substances, thus guiding practical uses and innovations in syntheses and manufacturing.