Question

Name three properties of solids that are different from those of liquids. Explain the differences for each.

Short answer

Solids have definite shape, fixed volume, and are incompressible; liquids adapt shape, have fixed volume but are slightly compressible.

Step-by-step solution

Shape Retention

Solids retain a definite shape without a container, while liquids take the shape of their container. In solids, particles are tightly packed in fixed positions, giving them a rigid structure. For liquids, particles are close but not in fixed positions, allowing them to flow and adapt to the container.

Volume Consistency

Solids have a fixed volume, regardless of the container, because their particles are closely locked and have little freedom to move. In contrast, liquids also have a fixed volume but can change shape to fit their container, demonstrating their lower rigidity.

Compressibility

Solids are incompressible because their particles are densely packed, offering little space to be squeezed further. Liquids are slightly more compressible than solids but still resist significant volume changes under pressure due to the relative closeness of their particles.

Key concepts

Shape Retention

The concept of shape retention is one of the key distinguishing features between solids and liquids. Solids maintain their shape regardless of the container they're in. This is because their molecules are tightly packed together in fixed positions, forming a rigid structure. Imagine a box of marbles nailed down; each marble represents a particle that can't move or flow away.
In contrast, liquids lack this fixed structure. Their particles are packed closely but not rigidly bound together, allowing them to slide past each other. Because of this, a liquid will take the shape of whatever container it is in. Think of water in a glass versus a bowl; it flows and reshapes itself depending on the container, unlike a solid which remains the same shape no matter where it's placed.
Understanding shape retention helps clarify how different states of matter behave in various physical environments.

Volume Consistency

Volume consistency is another property that helps differentiate between solids and liquids. Both solids and liquids have a definite volume; however, how they maintain this volume is where they differ. Solids have particles that are tightly interconnected, leading to a fixed volume without the need for a container. This tight packing ensures that the volume remains the same, no matter how the solid is placed or moved.
Liquids also have a set volume, but they can flow, allowing them to spread out within their container. A liquid maintains its volume regardless of the shape of its container, displaying fluidity rather than rigidity. This is why you can pour a cup of water into different containers and still have the same amount of water, merely taking different shapes.
This understanding of volume ensures clarity on why solids are usually more predictable in terms of space usage than liquids.

Compressibility

Compressibility relates to the ability of a substance to decrease in volume under pressure. Solids typically have very low compressibility due to their tightly packed particles. Imagine trying to compress a stack of bricks; there is little room to squeeze the particles closer together. This makes solids very resistant to volume change when pressure is applied.
Liquids, on the other hand, are slightly more compressible than solids. While their particles are close together, there is minimal space that allows for some compression when force is applied. However, they are still largely incompressible compared to gases. Think of trying to press down on a full water balloon; it gives a little but won't significantly decrease in volume.
Grasping the concept of compressibility is important for understanding how solids and liquids react to force, which is crucial in various scientific and engineering applications.