Question

At \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the measured pressure of acetic acid vapor, \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}(\mathrm{g})\), is significantly lower than that predicted by the ideal gas law. Explain this difference.

Short answer

Hydrogen bonding causes acetic acid to deviate from ideal gas behavior, lowering its pressure.

Step-by-step solution

Recall the Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law is given by the equation \( PV = nRT \), where \( P \) is the pressure, \( V \) is the volume, \( n \) is the number of moles, \( R \) is the ideal gas constant, and \( T \) is the temperature in Kelvin. This law assumes that there are no interactions between the gas molecules and that they occupy no volume.

Identify Molecular Interactions

Unlike ideal gases, real gases like acetic acid vapor exhibit intermolecular forces. In particular, acetic acid can form hydrogen bonds between its molecules due to its acidic hydrogen and electronegative oxygen atoms. These interactions are not accounted for in the ideal gas law, leading to deviations from the expected pressure.

Explain the Effect of Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding in acetic acid causes its molecules to attract each other more strongly, forming dimers (pairs of acetic acid molecules linked by hydrogen bonds). This decreases the number of free gas molecules and hence reduces the measured pressure relative to the prediction from the ideal gas law.

Conclude on Pressure Difference

The significant reduction in pressure is due to the formation of dimers and other interactions that reduce the number of molecules behaving as an ideal gas. This causes the observed pressure to be lower than what would be calculated using the ideal gas law.

Key concepts

Real Gases

Many of us are familiar with the ideal gas law, represented by the equation \( PV = nRT \). This formula gives us a great approximation for how gases behave under certain conditions. However, it assumes that gas molecules do not interact and occupy no volume. In reality, real gases like acetic acid vapor deviate from this ideal behavior, primarily because their molecules do experience intermolecular forces and do take up space.
Some key aspects of real gases include:

• They have intermolecular forces acting between them, which are not considered in the ideal gas law.
• The molecules themselves have a finite volume, unlike the point-like particles assumed in an ideal gas.
• Their deviation from ideal behavior is more noticeable under high pressure and low temperature conditions.

Understanding these differences helps explain why real gases don't always follow the predictions of the ideal gas law.

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules, which significantly influence the physical properties of substances. In the case of real gases like acetic acid vapor, these forces play a crucial role. Although the ideal gas law ignores them, they are vital in understanding gas behavior in more detail.
Here are some common types of intermolecular forces:

• Dipole-dipole interactions: Occur in molecules with permanent dipoles, where positive and negative ends attract.
• London dispersion forces: Weak attractions that exist in all molecules, due to momentary polarization in atom clouds.
• Hydrogen bonds: Strong dipole-dipole attractions involving hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms, like oxygen or nitrogen.

Acetic acid molecules, for example, form strong hydrogen bonds, significantly affecting their behavior as a vapor.

Hydrogen Bonding

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of intermolecular force that occurs in molecules containing hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. These bonds are stronger than regular dipole-dipole interactions but weaker than covalent or ionic bonds.
In acetic acid, the hydrogen bonding is particularly strong because the hydrogen atoms in its carboxyl group (\(\text{COOH} \)) are highly attracted to the electronegative oxygen of another acetic acid molecule.
Why is this important for gas behavior?

• Hydrogen bonds in acetic acid cause the molecules to form dimers – two acetic acid molecules held together by hydrogen bonds.
• This dimer formation decreases the number of free molecules contributing to vapor pressure, hence lowering it compared to the ideal gas prediction.
• Hydrogen bonding also influences boiling points and solubilities of substances, demonstrating their widespread impact beyond gases.

These interactions provide a deeper understanding of why acetic acid vapor pressure is lower than expected by the ideal gas law.