Question

Explain the differences in the dipole moments of (a) \(\operatorname{BrF}(1.29 \mathrm{D})\) and \(\operatorname{BrCl}(0.52 \mathrm{D})\). (b) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(1.86 \mathrm{D})\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}(0.95 \mathrm{D})\).

Short answer

BrF has a higher dipole moment than BrCl due to fluorine's higher electronegativity. H2O has a larger dipole moment than H2S due to oxygen's higher electronegativity and the bent shape of water.

Step-by-step solution

Understand Dipole Moment Concept

Dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule. It depends on the magnitude of the charge and the distance between the charges. The dipole moment is expressed in Debye units (D).

Analyze BrF and BrCl

BrF has a greater dipole moment (1.29 D) compared to BrCl (0.52 D). The difference is due to the electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms. Fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine, leading to a larger charge separation in BrF, thus higher dipole moment.

Compare Electronegativity and Bond Length

For both BrF and BrCl, the electronegativity of the halogen influences the dipole moment. Fluorine's strong electronegativity compared to chlorine creates a stronger dipole in BrF. Bond length also affects the dipole moment, but here it is dominated by electronegativity differences.

Compare H2O and H2S Dipole Moments

The dipole moment in H2O (1.86 D) is higher than in H2S (0.95 D). This is primarily due to oxygen's higher electronegativity compared to sulfur, resulting in a stronger charge separation and a larger dipole moment in water. Additionally, the molecular geometry (bent shape) enhances the dipole moment in H2O.

Evaluate Effects of Molecular Shape

The shape of H2O is bent due to the two lone pairs on oxygen, resulting in a significant dipole moment. H2S also has a bent shape, but the lower electronegativity of sulfur compared to oxygen leads to a smaller dipole moment despite the similar geometry.

Key concepts

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes an atom's ability to attract and hold onto electrons in a bond. In a molecule, the difference in electronegativity between atoms can lead to the formation of partial charges. This occurs because electrons are more attracted to the more electronegative atom, creating a dipole moment in the molecule.
Modestly, if we consider BrF and BrCl, fluorine is much more electronegative than chlorine. This significant difference contributes to the higher dipole moment in BrF compared to BrCl, because electrons are more strongly attracted towards fluorine. This leads to a greater charge separation.

• Higher electronegativity means greater pull on shared electrons.
• Results in polar bonds when there's a difference in electronegativity.

It's important to note that differences in electronegativity not only affect the dipole moment but also the chemical behavior of molecules.

Molecular Geometry

Molecular geometry, also known as molecular shape, is crucial in determining how effective the dipole moment of a molecule will be. The geometry influences how the individual bond dipoles add up to create a net dipole moment.
For example, in water (H₂O), the molecular geometry is bent due to the two lone pairs on the oxygen and the V-shape formation of its atoms. This geometry results in an additive effect of the dipole moments, generating a significant net dipole moment of 1.86 D.
In contrast, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), while also having a similar bent geometry, exhibits a lower dipole moment of 0.95 D due to sulfur's lower electronegativity.

• Bent shapes enhance dipole moments if the bond dipoles do not cancel out.
• Different geometrical shapes affect how dipoles combine.

Thus, geometry not only dictates molecular shape but also plays a role in the degree of polarity and ultimately, the behavior of the molecule.

Bond Length

Bond length is the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms. It can influence the dipole moment of a molecule as it alters the distance over which charge difference is effective.
In simple terms, if two molecules with identical electronegativity differences have varying bond lengths, the one with the longer bond length will typically yield a higher dipole moment. This is because the charge separation exists over a greater distance.
However, in the case of BrF and BrCl, the dipole moment is more significantly influenced by the electronegativity difference rather than bond length. Nonetheless, it's an aspect that contributes to understanding why certain molecules behave the way they do.

• Longer bond lengths can lead to larger dipole moments, given the same electronegativity difference.
• Bond length provides space for charge separation—key to dipole formation.

While not always the primary factor, bond length stands as a vital component influencing molecular dipole moments.

Charge Separation

Charge separation in a molecule refers to the distribution of electrical charges across the atoms. It plays a significant role in the manifestation of the dipole moment. When electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, regions of partial positive and negative charges develop.
Taking water (H₂O) as an example, the charge separation is pronounced due to oxygen's high electronegativity, which attracts electrons more than hydrogen, resulting in a positive charge around hydrogen and a negative charge around oxygen. This definitive charge separation contributes to a strong dipole moment.

• Created by unequal electron sharing.
• Results in partial positive and negative charges.

Charge separation can be thought of as the backbone of molecular dipoles since without it, no dipole moment could exist. This separation of charge is essential in defining not only dipole moments but also the reactivity and interactions of molecules with each other.