Question

16\. Analyze transfer of energy from one form to another in each situation. (a) In a Space Shuttle, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, boosting the shuttle into orbit above Earth. (b) You eat a package of Fritos, go to class and listen to a lecture, walk back to your dorm, and climb the stairs to the fourth floor.

Short answer

(a) Chemical energy converts to thermal and kinetic energy in the shuttle launch. (b) Chemical energy from Fritos converts to biochemical, mechanical, and potential energy.

Step-by-step solution

Identify Energy Forms in the Space Shuttle Launch

In the Space Shuttle scenario, the chemical potential energy stored in hydrogen and oxygen is released as they react to form water. This chemical reaction releases energy, primarily in the form of thermal energy, which is converted into kinetic energy to propel the shuttle into orbit.

Analyze Energy Transformation in Space Shuttle

Initially, the stored chemical potential energy in the fuel is converted to thermal energy during combustion. This thermal energy then transforms into kinetic energy that does the work of pushing the shuttle upwards against gravity, achieving orbit.

Identify Energy Inputs from Eating Fritos

When you eat Fritos, the chemical energy stored in the food is converted into biochemical energy through the process of digestion. This energy is then available to your body for physical activities and staying attentive.

Analyze Energy Use in Daily Activities

As you go to class and listen to a lecture, some of the biochemical energy is used to power brain functions and maintain attention. When walking back to the dorm, mechanical energy is used to move muscles. Climbing stairs involves using energy to do work against gravity, where the biochemical energy is further transformed into potential energy (increased height) and kinetic energy as you climb.

Key concepts

Chemical Potential Energy

When we talk about chemical potential energy, we're referring to energy stored in the bonds between atoms in molecules. This energy is "potential" because it can be released when the chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. In the case of the Space Shuttle, hydrogen and oxygen molecules have stored energy, which is released during the chemical reaction that produces water. This process releases energy that is critical for generating the thrust needed to launch the shuttle into space.

It's like fuel for a car: the chemicals in gasoline hold energy that gets released when the gas burns. Similarly, the chemical potential energy in food gives our bodies the fuel needed to function, digest, and move.

• Stored energy in molecular bonds
• Released when bonds break and new ones form
• Primary source of energy for reactions like combustion

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Whenever an object is moving, it has kinetic energy. It depends on both the mass and speed of the object: the greater the mass and speed, the more kinetic energy it has.

In the context of the Space Shuttle, after the chemical potential energy is released as thermal energy, it transforms into kinetic energy. This is what propels the shuttle upwards into space. The shuttle's massive structure moves faster as the engines burn fuel, pumping kinetic energy into the shuttle's ascent.

• Energy of motion
• Depends on mass and speed
• Key in transportation and propulsion

Biochemical Energy

Biochemical energy is the energy stored and used by living organisms to maintain biological processes. This energy is derived from the chemical potential energy in foods, like your Fritos. Once eaten, the food is broken down and the energy stored within is converted into forms the body can use.

This biochemical energy powers everything from our heartbeat to our brain activity and muscle movement. So, when you move about your day, walking to class, or climbing stairs, your body converts this energy for immediate use.

• Derived from food
• Used for maintaining body functions
• Crucial for muscle movement and brain activity

Thermal Energy

Thermal energy, often referred to as heat, is the result of atoms and molecules moving and vibrating. The more they move, the more thermal energy they have.

In the Space Shuttle launch, chemical potential energy is first converted to thermal energy through combustion. This thermal energy is needed to overcome atmospheric resistance and contribute to the kinetic energy that propels the shuttle upwards. Similarly, in our daily energy usage, our bodies also produce heat as energy is used, for example, when you feel warmer during physical activity due to increased energy conversion.

• Energy from atom and molecule movement
• Released as heat in reactions
• Essential for overcoming resistance in propulsion