Chapter 2: Problem 100
Give the name and formula of the compound whose molecules consist of two chlorine atoms and one oxygen atom.
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Fluorite, a mineral of calcium, is a compound of the metal with fluorine. Analysis shows that a 2.76 -g sample of fluorite contains \(1.42 \mathrm{~g}\) of calcium. Calculate the (a) mass of fluorine in the sample; (b) mass fractions of calcium and fluorine in fluorite; (c) mass percents of calcium and fluorine in fluorite.
Why was it necessary for separation techniques and methods of chemical analysis to be developed before the laws of definite composition and multiple proportions could be formulated?
Dinitrogen monoxide \(\left(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O} ;\right.\) nitrous oxide \()\) is a greenhouse gas that enters the atmosphere principally from natural fertilizer breakdown. Some studies have shown that the isotope ratios of \({ }^{15} \mathrm{~N}\) to \({ }^{14} \mathrm{~N}\) and of \({ }^{18} \mathrm{O}\) to \({ }^{16} \mathrm{O}\) in \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) depend on the source, which can thus be determined by measuring the relative abundances of molecular masses in a sample of \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\). (a) What different molecular masses are possible for \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) ? (b) The percent abundance of \({ }^{14} \mathrm{~N}\) is \(99.6 \%,\) and that of \({ }^{16} \mathrm{O}\) is 99.8\%. Which molecular mass of \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) is least common, and which is most common?
Boron trifluoride is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of organic compounds. When this compound is analyzed by mass spectrometry, several different \(1+\) ions form, including ions representing the whole molecule as well as molecular fragments formed by the loss of one, two, and three \(\mathrm{F}\) atoms. Given that boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, \({ }^{10} \mathrm{~B}\) and \({ }^{11} \mathrm{~B},\) and fluorine has one, \({ }^{19} \mathrm{~F}\), calculate the masses of all possible \(1+\) ions.
Name the technique(s) and briefly describe the procedure for separating each of the following mixtures into pure components: (a) table salt and pepper; (b) drinking water contaminated with soot; (c) crushed ice and crushed glass; (d) table sugar dissolved in ethanol; (e) two pigments (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) from spinach leaves.
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