Question

How many hybrid orbitals form when four atomic orbitals of a central atom mix? Explain.

Short answer

Four hybrid orbitals are formed.

Step-by-step solution

Understanding the Concept of Hybridization

Hybridization is the process where atomic orbitals mix to form new hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are equivalent in energy and shape.

Identify the Number of Atomic Orbitals Involved

In this problem, four atomic orbitals of a central atom are involved in the hybridization process.

Determine the Number of Hybrid Orbitals Formed

When atomic orbitals mix, the number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals that mix. Since four atomic orbitals mix, four hybrid orbitals are formed.

Key concepts

Hybrid Orbitals

Hybrid orbitals form when atomic orbitals mix. This process is known as hybridization. The new orbitals created have properties that are different from the original atomic orbitals. They are equivalent in both energy and shape. Hybrid orbitals allow atoms to form more stable and strong bonds. This is crucial in the formation of molecules. For example, in methane (CH₄), the carbon atom undergoes hybridization to form four equivalent sp³ hybrid orbitals, allowing it to bond equally with four hydrogen atoms.

Atomic Orbitals

Atomic orbitals are regions around a central atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons. Different types of atomic orbitals include s, p, d, and f orbitals. These orbitals have distinct shapes and energy levels. For instance, the s orbital is spherical, while p orbitals have a dumbbell shape. During hybridization, these atomic orbitals mix to form hybrid orbitals. When four atomic orbitals mix, they form four hybrid orbitals. This principle ensures that the number of hybrid orbitals is always equal to the number of atomic orbitals involved in the process.

Energy and Shape Equivalence

When atomic orbitals mix to form hybrid orbitals, the resulting orbitals are equivalent in energy and shape. This means that each hybrid orbital has the same energy level and a similar spatial orientation. This equivalence is crucial because it allows for the formation of symmetrical and strong bonds. The consistent energy levels and shapes help in forming stable molecular structures. In the example of methane (CH₄), the four sp³ hybrid orbitals are equivalent, facilitating the formation of four equivalent C-H bonds in a tetrahedral structure.

Central Atom

The central atom is the main atom around which hybridization and bonding occur. In many molecules, the central atom is typically the one with the highest bonding capacity. For instance, in a water molecule (H₂O), the oxygen atom is the central atom. During hybridization, the central atom's orbitals mix to form hybrid orbitals, which then interact with other atoms to form bonds. Understanding the role of the central atom is key because it determines how the atomic orbitals will hybridize and how the molecule will eventually look. In our example, four atomic orbitals of the central atom mix, resulting in four hybrid orbitals, critical for understanding bond formation and molecular geometry.