Problem 17
How is the entropy of a substance affected by (a) an increase in temperature, (b) a decrease in volume, (c) changing from a liquid to a solid, and (d) dissociating into individual atoms?
Problem 18
Will the entropy change for each of the following be positive or negative? (a) Moisture condenses on the outside of a cold glass. (b) Raindrops form in a cloud. (c) Gasoline vaporizes in the carburetor of an automobile engine. (d) Air is pumped into a tire. (e) Frost forms on the windshield of your car. (f) Sugar dissolves in coffee.
Problem 19
On the basis of our definition of entropy, suggest why entropy is a state function.
Problem 20
State the second law of thermodynamics.
Problem 21
How can a process have a negative entropy change for the system, and yet still be spontaneous?
Problem 22
Explain the terms \(\Delta S_{\text {universe }}, \Delta S_{\text {system }},\) and \(\Delta S_{\text {surroundings, }}\) and how they relate to each other.
Problem 23
Explain how the entropy of the surroundings of a reaction is related to the enthalpy of the reaction.
Problem 25
Define Gibbs free energy in your own words.
Problem 26
In terms of the algebraic signs of \(\Delta H\) and \(\Delta S,\) under which of the following circumstances will a change be spontaneous: (a) At all temperatures? (b) At low temperatures but not at high temperatures? (c) At high temperatures but not at low temperatures?
Problem 28
State the third law of thermodynamics in your own words.
