Question

Name each of the following chlorides. Assuming that the compounds are ionic, what charge is associated with the metallic element in each case? \((\mathbf{a}) \mathrm{AgCl},(\mathbf{b}) \mathrm{TiCl}_{4},(\mathbf{c}) \operatorname{Ir} C 1_{3},\) (d) \(\mathrm{LiCl}\).

Short answer

Silver Chloride (AgCl) with +1, Titanium(IV) Chloride (TiCl₄) with +4, Iridium(III) Chloride (IrCl₃) with +3, and Lithium Chloride (LiCl) with +1.

Step-by-step solution

Identify the Metal Ions and Their Charges

For each compound, start by identifying the metal ion and determine its potential charge based on its position in the periodic table and the formula of the compound. This step establishes the basis for correctly naming the compound and understanding the charge balance.

Determine the Name and Charge for AgCl

- **Metal:** Silver (Ag) - **Non-metal:** Chloride (Cl) Silver typically has a charge of +1, because Ag is often found as Ag⁺. Therefore, the name is "Silver Chloride" and the charge on silver is +1.

Determine the Name and Charge for TiCl₄

- **Metal:** Titanium (Ti)- **Non-metal:** Chloride (Cl) The formula \( ext{TiCl}_{4}\) implies titanium must have a charge of +4 to balance the four Cl⁻ ions. Thus, the name is "Titanium(IV) Chloride" and the charge on titanium is +4.

Determine the Name and Charge for IrCl₃

- **Metal:** Iridium (Ir)- **Non-metal:** Chloride (Cl) The formula \( ext{IrCl}_{3}\) suggests iridium has a charge of +3 to balance the three Cl⁻ ions. Therefore, the name is "Iridium(III) Chloride" and the charge on iridium is +3.

Determine the Name and Charge for LiCl

- **Metal:** Lithium (Li) - **Non-metal:** Chloride (Cl) Lithium naturally has a charge of +1, meaning the name is "Lithium Chloride" and the charge on lithium is +1.

Key concepts

Metal Ion Charges

In ionic compounds, metal ions often carry specific charges known as oxidation states. These charges are crucial in balancing the positive and negative ions to form a neutral compound. For example, silver, which forms the compound AgCl, usually has a charge of +1. This means when it forms compounds with chloride ions, which have a charge of -1, they create a stable, neutral compound.

To determine the charges of other metals, such as titanium or iridium, it's essential to look at the chemical formula. For TiCl₄, we have four chloride ions, each with a charge of -1. Therefore, titanium has a charge of +4 to balance the total -4 charge. Similarly, in IrCl₃, the three chloride ions bring a total charge of -3, meaning iridium has a charge of +3 to achieve neutrality. Paying attention to the number of chloride ions helps us understand the metal ion's charge.

• Silver (Ag): +1
• Titanium (Ti): +4
• Iridium (Ir): +3
• Lithium (Li): +1

Understanding these charges is fundamental as it explains how metals interact with non-metals to form ionic compounds. The concept of charge is pivotal in comprehensively understanding ionic bonding.

Chemical Nomenclature

Naming ionic compounds is a key part of chemical nomenclature where rules help us identify and communicate the composition of substances efficiently. An important rule here is to name the metal first followed by the non-metal with an "ide" suffix. For instance, in names like "Silver Chloride," the metal silver (Ag) comes first, followed by chloride (Cl).

In cases where a metal can form ions with different charges, Roman numerals indicate the charge of the ion. This explains names like "Titanium(IV) Chloride," where the (IV) denotes titanium's +4 charge in TiCl₄. Another example is "Iridium(III) Chloride," where the +3 charge is accounted for by the (III) notation. This system efficiently communicates the exact form of the compound.

• Consistent order: Metal first, then non-metal.
• Roman numerals reveal the metal's charge if it has multiple potential charges.
• Suffix "ide" is used for non-metals.

This systematic approach to chemical nomenclature ensures clarity in naming and helps avoid confusion when communicating chemical formulas.

Periodic Table

The periodic table is an invaluable tool for understanding the properties of elements, including their charges when forming compounds. Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, but they also form groups based on similar properties, particularly similar chemical behaviors. This organization helps predict the common ion charges that elements may adopt.

For example, alkali metals like lithium (Li) typically carry a +1 charge. Silver, often found in the transition metals section, predominantly forms a +1 charge too, despite having "d-block" configurations. Elements like titanium and iridium are also transition metals, capable of forming various positive charges due to their d electron configuration, which allows them to participate in different oxidation states.

• Elements in the same group tend to have similar charge behaviors.
• Transition metals often have multiple charged states.
• Using the periodic table gives insights into likely compound formations and elemental behavior.

By understanding the arrangement and periodic trends, predicting metal ion charges and forming accurate chemical formulas becomes more intuitive.