Question

Which of the following ions will always be a spectator ion in a precipitation reaction? (a) Cl", (b) \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\), (c) \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+},(\mathrm{d}) \mathrm{S}^{2-},(\mathrm{e}) \mathrm{SO}_{4}{ }^{2-}\). Explain briefly. [Section 4.2]

Short answer

The ion that will always be a spectator ion in a precipitation reaction is the nitrate ion (\(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\)). This is because according to the solubility rules, all nitrates salts are soluble and thus, the nitrate ion will never form an insoluble compound in aqueous solutions.

Step-by-step solution

Review solubility rules

Knowledge of solubility rules is crucial in determining whether a compound is soluble or insoluble in water. The general solubility rules are as follows: 1. All nitrates (NO3-) salts are soluble. 2. Most chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO4 2-), and ammonium (NH4+) salts are soluble. 3. Most sulfides (S2-), hydroxides (OH-), carbonates (CO3 2-) and phosphates (PO4 3-) salts are insoluble. These rules will help us identify the spectator ions in the given list of ions.

Apply solubility rules to the given ions

Using the solubility rules from step 1, analyze each ion: (a) Cl-: Most chloride salts are soluble, but there are some exceptions, such as silver (AgCl), mercury(I) (Hg2Cl2), and lead(II) chloride (PbCl2). So, chloride can sometimes form an insoluble compound, and thus not always be a spectator ion. (b) \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\): Nitrates salts are always soluble, so nitrate will never form an insoluble compound and will always be a spectator ion. (c) \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}\): Most ammonium salts are soluble, but there are exceptions. For instance, \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\mathrm{b}_{5}\) and \(\mathrm{NH}_{4}\mathrm{CH}_{3}\) are insoluble. Ammonium ion will not always be a spectator ion. (d) \(\mathrm{S}^{2-}\): Most sulfide salts are insoluble. The sulfide ion will often form insoluble compounds, so it will not always be a spectator ion. (e) \(\mathrm{SO}_{4}{ }^{2-}\): Most sulfate salts are soluble, but there are exceptions, such as barium sulfate (BaSO4), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), and lead sulfate (PbSO4). Since sulfate ions can sometimes form insoluble compounds, they won't always be spectator ions.

Determine the spectator ion

Based on the solubility rules analysis, the only ion that will always be a spectator ion in a precipitation reaction is the nitrate ion (\(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\)), as it never forms an insoluble compound in aqueous solutions.

Key concepts

Solubility Rules

Understanding solubility rules is fundamental when predicting the outcome of chemical reactions involving ionic compounds. These rules help determine whether a compound will dissolve in water, forming aqueous solutions, or remain as a solid precipitate. Solubility rules are easy to remember with practice and can be summarized as follows:

• Most nitrate (\( \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-} \)) salts are soluble.
• Chloride (\( \mathrm{Cl}^{-} \)), sulfate (\( \mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-} \)), and ammonium (\( \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+} \)) salts are generally soluble, with some notable exceptions.
• Sulfide (\( \mathrm{S}^{2-} \)), hydroxide (\( \mathrm{OH}^{-} \)), carbonate (\( \mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-} \)), and phosphate (\( \mathrm{PO}_{4}^{3-} \)) salts are typically insoluble in water.

These rules are essential in predicting the behavior of ions during precipitation reactions, allowing us to identify which ions will remain in solution and which will form a solid.

Precipitation Reaction

A precipitation reaction occurs when two aqueous solutions are mixed and an insoluble solid, known as a precipitate, is formed. This type of reaction is common in chemistry, especially when working with salts. During a precipitation reaction, ions from the reactants come together to form a solid compound that cannot dissolve in water. This change is visually recognizable by the appearance of a cloudy or solid mass.

• These reactions typically involve mixing two soluble salts in water.
• The formation of a precipitate depends on the solubility rules, with only the ions that form insoluble compounds creating a solid.
• Spectator ions, like \( \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-} \), do not participate in forming the precipitate and remain dissolved in the solution.

By understanding precipitation reactions, students can predict product formation and balance chemical equations effectively, improving their grasp of chemical processes.

Nitrate Ion

The nitrate ion (\( \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-} \)) is a crucial participant in chemical reactions, particularly within aqueous solutions. Among the many ions encountered, nitrates are unique because they always dissolve in water, regardless of the associated cation.

• Nitrate salts are universally soluble, meaning they do not form precipitates, and instead remain as spectator ions in reactions.
• The universality of nitrate ion solubility makes \( \mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-} \) especially important in identifying potential non-reacting ions in a mixture.
• This property allows nitrate to continually float in the aqueous phase of a solution, making it predictable in its behavior.

Grasping the behavior of nitrate ions helps students predict the outcomes of reactions, focus on the ions that change states, and build a strong foundation in aqueous chemistry.

Aqueous Solutions

An aqueous solution is a mixture where a substance, typically an ionic compound, is dissolved in water. This state of a chemical solution is vital for experimenting and understanding reactions in both laboratory and real-world environments. When ions dissolve in water, they separate and disperse evenly, forming a uniform solution.

• Aqueous solutions are central to many chemical reactions, including redox and precipitation reactions.
• These solutions are handy for conducting reactions that can be controlled, observed, and analyzed easily.
• Ions that remain dissolved in aqueous solutions are often referred to as spectator ions, as they do not precipitate or change during these reactions.

The concept of aqueous solutions is foundational in learning chemistry, as it introduces students to the dynamic nature of ionic compounds in water, enhancing their ability to predict and comprehend reaction behaviors.