Question

The two most important iron oxide minerals are magnetite, \(\mathrm{Fe}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{4}\), and hematite, \(\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\). One is a ferrimagnetic material, while the other is an antiferromagnetic material. (a) Based on the oxidation states of iron, which one is more likely to be ferrimagnetic? (b) Would it be possible to use magnetic fields to separate these minerals?

Short answer

(a) Magnetite (\(\mathrm{Fe}_3\mathrm{O}_4\)) is more likely to be ferrimagnetic due to its mixed iron oxidation states. (b) It is possible to use magnetic fields to separate magnetite and hematite minerals, as magnetite is ferrimagnetic, and hematite is antiferromagnetic, resulting in different responses to magnetic fields.

Step-by-step solution

Determine the oxidation states of iron in both minerals

In magnetite, \(\mathrm{Fe}_3\mathrm{O}_4\), there are 3 iron atoms and 4 oxygen atoms in the formula unit. Since oxygen has an oxidation state of -2, we can set up the equation \(3x - 8 = 0\) to calculate the average oxidation state of the iron atoms (x). For hematite, \(\mathrm{Fe}_2\mathrm{O}_3\), there are 2 iron atoms and 3 oxygen atoms in the formula unit. Similarly, we can set up the equation \(2y - 6 = 0\) to calculate the average oxidation state of the iron atoms (y).

Calculate the oxidation states of iron in both minerals

For magnetite, we have: \(3x - 8 = 0 \Rightarrow x = \frac{8}{3}\) Thus, the average oxidation state of iron in magnetite is +\(\frac{8}{3}\). For hematite, we have: \(2y - 6 = 0 \Rightarrow y = 3\) Thus, the average oxidation state of iron in hematite is +3.

Relate the oxidation states to ferrimagnetism and antiferromagnetism

Ferrimagnetic materials have magnetic moments aligned with each other, but the magnitudes are not equal, resulting in a net magnetization. In contrast, antiferromagnetic materials have magnetic moments that align in opposite directions, resulting in no net magnetization. A mixed valence of oxidation states usually leads to ferrimagnetism. Since magnetite has an average oxidation state of +\(\frac{8}{3}\), this indicates the presence of a mixed oxidation state. Magnetite is a mixed-valence compound with the formula \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}\left[\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\right]_{2}\mathrm{O}_4\). It has \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}\) and \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\) ions, which can create uncompensated magnetic moments leading to ferrimagnetism. On the other hand, hematite has an average oxidation state of +3, which means that all the iron atoms are in the same oxidation state (\(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\)), making it more likely to be antiferromagnetic.

Identify the ferrimagnetic material and the possibility of separation using a magnetic field

Based on the oxidation states of iron and their relation to ferrimagnetism and antiferromagnetism, we can conclude that: (a) Magnetite (\(\mathrm{Fe}_3\mathrm{O}_4\)), with mixed iron oxidation states, is more likely to be ferrimagnetic. (b) It is possible to use magnetic fields to separate magnetite and hematite minerals. Since magnetite is ferrimagnetic, it will respond strongly to magnetic fields, and hematite, being antiferromagnetic, will have a weak response. By applying a magnetic field, we can separate the two minerals based on their different magnetic properties.

Key concepts

Oxidation States

Oxidation states are crucial for understanding the chemical and magnetic properties of iron oxides. Each element in a compound has an oxidation state, which helps determine how electrons are distributed and shared. For magnetite (\(\mathrm{Fe}_3\mathrm{O}_4\)), with three iron atoms and four oxygen atoms (each oxygen having an oxidation state of -2), we can calculate the average oxidation state of iron using the equation:

• \(3x - 8 = 0\)

Solving this gives an average oxidation state of +\(\frac{8}{3}\). This mixed oxidation state suggests magnets form with unpaired electrons, leading to magnetic properties.
For hematite (\(\mathrm{Fe}_2\mathrm{O}_3\)), with two iron atoms and three oxygen atoms, the calculation:

• \(2y - 6 = 0\)

leads to an average oxidation state of +3. Here, all iron atoms are in the same oxidation state, indicating uniform electron distribution.
Mixed oxidation states, as seen in magnetite, play a role in determining the type of magnetism a material exhibits.

Ferrimagnetism

Ferrimagnetism arises when the magnetic moments within a material are aligned in opposite directions but to different extents. This results in a net magnetic field. Imagine tiny magnets inside the material aligning in a way where some are stronger than others, leading to an overall magnetic pull. This is typical for materials with mixed oxidation states like magnetite (\(\mathrm{Fe}_3\mathrm{O}_4\)).
In magnetite, the presence of both \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}\) and \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\) ions creates an imbalance in the magnetic orientations, resulting in ferrimagnetism.

• Ferrimagnetic materials can exhibit strong magnetism similar to true magnets.
• These materials are usually more responsive to external magnetic fields.

Thus, magnetite is a key example of a ferrimagnetic material due to its structure and the mix of oxidation states leading to this unequal alignment.

Antiferromagnetism

Antiferromagnetism describes a phenomenon where adjacent magnetic moments align in opposite directions, completely canceling each other out. This results in no net magnetization. In contrast to ferrimagnetism, these alternating alignments are equal in magnitude.
Hematite (\(\mathrm{Fe}_2\mathrm{O}_3\)) is an example of an antiferromagnetic material. Here, all the iron ions have the same oxidation state of \(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}\), leading to balanced and opposing magnetic moments.

• Antiferromagnetic materials typically show weak magnetic properties in response to external fields.
• At low temperatures, antiferromagnetism is more pronounced as increased temperatures can disrupt this delicate balance.

Overall, antiferromagnetic materials like hematite exhibit no magnetization under normal conditions, but this changes in specific environments.

Magnetic Separation

Magnetic separation takes advantage of differences in magnetic properties to separate materials. This technique is particularly useful for separating ferrimagnetic substances like magnetite from antiferromagnetic ones such as hematite. By applying a magnetic field, ferrimagnetic materials will align with the field and move towards it, allowing for easy separation.
This separation method is effective because:

• Ferrimagnetic materials like magnetite respond strongly to magnetic fields.
• Antiferromagnetic materials, such as hematite, have a much weaker response, leading to separation based on magnetic behavior.

In a mining context, this difference allows the effective concentration of materials. Magnetic separation is a vital technique in mineral processing, providing a clean and efficient way to extract specific components based on their magnetic nature.