Question

Draw the chemical structure of a generic amine acid, using \(R\) for the side chain. (b) When amine acids react to form proteins, do they do so via substitution, addition, or condensation reactions? (c) Draw the bond that links amino acids together in proteins. What is this called? \(24.60\) Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) Tryptophan is an aromatic amino acid. (b) Lysine is positively charged at pH 7. (c) Asparagine has two amide bonds.

Short answer

In summary, a generic amino acid has the chemical structure HN--C--COOH with an R group attached to the central carbon. Amino acids form proteins through condensation reactions, and they are linked together by peptide bonds (-CONH-). Tryptophan is an aromatic amino acid (True), Lysine is positively charged at pH 7 (True), and Asparagine has only one amide bond (False).

Step-by-step solution

Drawing a generic amino acid

To draw a generic amino acid, we'll have an amino group (NH₂), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain R group attached to a central carbon atom. Here's the structure: H | HN--C--COOH | R Next, let's discuss the type of reaction that forms proteins.

Identifying the type of reaction to form proteins

Amino acids react to form proteins through condensation reactions. In a condensation reaction, two molecules are joined together with the release of a small molecule like water. Now, let's draw the bond that links amino acids in proteins.

Drawing the peptide bond

When amino acids join together in proteins, the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another amino acid, forming a peptide bond. The peptide bond (amide bond) is a C-N bond and can be represented as -CONH-. Here's the bond that links amino acids together in proteins: COOH + HN--R₂ -> (CO)NH--R₂ R₁-C R₁-C ^ | Peptide bond The bond is called a peptide bond. Finally, let's determine the truth value of the given statements.

Evaluating the given statements

a) Tryptophan is an aromatic amino acid. (True) Tryptophan has an aromatic ring in its structure, so it's an aromatic amino acid. b) Lysine is positively charged at pH 7. (True) Lysine has a positively charged amino group on its side chain. At pH 7, the amino group is protonated and carries a positive charge. c) Asparagine has two amide bonds. (False) Asparagine has only one amide bond in its side chain, not two.

Key concepts

Chemical Structures

The chemical structure of amino acids includes several key components. Each amino acid has a central carbon atom, known as the alpha carbon. Attached to this carbon are four different groups: an amino group (NH₂), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain denoted as R. This side chain determines the unique characteristics of each amino acid.
Understanding the general structure is crucial because it sets the foundation for how amino acids interact with each other.

• Alpha carbon: Central to the structure, connecting all groups.
• Amino group (NH₂): Acts as a basic functional group.
• Carboxyl group (COOH): Provides acidic properties.
• Side chain (R): Defines the specific amino acid.

Recognizing these structures aids in visualizing how they function in proteins.

Condensation Reactions

Amino acids form proteins through condensation reactions. This type of reaction is crucial in biology because it helps build larger molecules.
In a condensation reaction, two molecules combine, and a small molecule like water (H₂O) is released as a byproduct. In the case of proteins, the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, producing water.

• Formation: Connection of two amino acids with a water molecule release.
• Importance: Allows for the formation of long protein chains.

These reactions are the building blocks for the diverse proteins essential to life.

Peptide Bond

The peptide bond is the backbone of protein structures. It forms during the connection of amino acids through condensation reactions.
This bond occurs between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, creating a C-N linkage known as the peptide or amide bond.

• Structure: -CONH- represents the peptide bond configuration.
• Role: Connects amino acids into chains, forming proteins.

The strength and stability of peptide bonds are crucial for maintaining the protein’s structure and function.

Aromatic Amino Acids

Aromatic amino acids, like tryptophan, have distinctive ring structures that affect their chemical properties.
These amino acids contain cyclic side chains with conjugated systems that make them aromatic. This property contributes to the ability of proteins to absorb ultraviolet light.

• Examples: Tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine.
• Properties: Include planar ring structures contributing to stability.

Understanding aromatic amino acids is key to grasping how proteins interact with light and other compounds.

pH and Charge

The charge of amino acids can change depending on the pH of their environment. This concept is vital for understanding protein behavior in different conditions.
At a neutral pH (around 7), amino acids like lysine become positively charged due to protonation of their amino group. This feature affects solubility and interaction with other molecules.

• Lysine: Becomes positively charged at pH 7, affecting protein structure.
• Protonation and deprotonation: Key in altering amino acid charge.

The pH-dependent nature of amino acids is essential for cellular processes and enzyme activity.

Amide Bonds

Amide bonds, synonymous with peptide bonds in proteins, are formed between the amino group of one molecule and the carboxyl group of another.
Asparagine is an example of an amino acid that contains an amide bond in its side chain, although it has only one. Amide bonds are robust, providing stability to protein structures.

• Formation: Through a condensation reaction between NH₂ and COOH groups.
• Example: Asparagine possesses a single amide bond in its side chain.

Recognizing amide bond characteristics is vital for understanding protein synthesis and structure preservation.