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Chapter 2: Problem 66

Which of the following are ionic, and which are molecular? (a) \(\mathrm{PF}_{5}\), (b) \(\mathrm{NaI}\), (c) \(\mathrm{SCl}_{2}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Ca}\left(\mathrm{NO}_{3}\right)_{2}\), (e) \(\mathrm{FeCl}_{3}\), (f) \(\mathrm{LaP}\), (g) \(\mathrm{CoCO}_{3}\), (h) \(\mathrm{N}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) PF5: Molecular (b) NaI: Ionic (c) SCl2: Molecular (d) Ca(NO3)2: Ionic (e) FeCl3: Ionic (f) LaP: Ionic (g) CoCO3: Ionic (h) N2O4: Molecular

Step by step solution

01

Identify Metals and Nonmetals

Consult the periodic table and identify the metals and the nonmetals in each given substance. (a) PF5: P is a nonmetal, F is a nonmetal (b) NaI: Na is a metal, I is a nonmetal (c) SCl2: S is a nonmetal, Cl is a nonmetal (d) Ca(NO3)2: Ca is a metal, N is a nonmetal, O is a nonmetal (e) FeCl3: Fe is a metal, Cl is a nonmetal (f) LaP: La is a metal, P is a nonmetal (g) CoCO3: Co is a metal, C is a nonmetal, O is a nonmetal (h) N2O4: N is a nonmetal, O is a nonmetal
02

Classify Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Determine whether each compound is ionic or molecular based on the types of elements present. (a) PF5: Molecular, as it consists only of nonmetals (P and F) (b) NaI: Ionic, as it consists of a metal (Na) and a nonmetal (I) (c) SCl2: Molecular, as it consists only of nonmetals (S and Cl) (d) Ca(NO3)2: Ionic, as it consists of a metal (Ca) and nonmetals (N and O) (e) FeCl3: Ionic, as it consists of a metal (Fe) and a nonmetal (Cl) (f) LaP: Ionic, as it consists of a metal (La) and a nonmetal (P) (g) CoCO3: Ionic, as it consists of a metal (Co) and nonmetals (C and O) (h) N2O4: Molecular, as it consists only of nonmetals (N and O)
03

Results

Here are the classifications of the given compounds: (a) PF5: Molecular (b) NaI: Ionic (c) SCl2: Molecular (d) Ca(NO3)2: Ionic (e) FeCl3: Ionic (f) LaP: Ionic (g) CoCO3: Ionic (h) N2O4: Molecular

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonding refers to the force that holds atoms together in molecules or compounds. Two primary types of chemical bonding are ionic and covalent bonding. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, usually between a metal and a nonmetal. This transfer results in the formation of positive and negative ions that attract each other. Examples include NaI and FeCl3, where metals donate electrons to nonmetals, creating strong electrostatic forces. Covalent bonds, on the other hand, occur when atoms share electrons. These bonds are usually found between nonmetallic elements. Molecules like PF5 and N2O4 form covalent bonds, as the nonmetals share electrons, allowing each atom to attain a full outer electron shell. Understanding the difference between ionic and covalent bonds is crucial for identifying compound types.
Metallic and Nonmetallic Elements
The distinction between metallic and nonmetallic elements is fundamental to chemical bonding. Metals, like sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca), are typically found on the left side of the periodic table. These elements tend to lose electrons easily, resulting in positive charges. Nonmetals, such as fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl), are found on the right side of the periodic table. They gain electrons during chemical reactions, forming negatively charged ions. In compounds, metals and nonmetals behave differently. Metals tend to form ionic compounds by donating electrons to nonmetals, while nonmetals usually form covalent bonds by sharing electrons amongst themselves. For instance, in a compound like Ca(NO3)2, calcium donates electrons to the nitrate group, forming ionic bonds.
Periodic Table
The periodic table is an essential tool in understanding chemical elements and their interactions. Elements are organized based on atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are categories found on the periodic table. Each element's position reveals a lot about its chemical reactivity and bonding behavior. For example, the table helps quickly locate that sodium (Na) is a metal, whereas iodine (I) is a nonmetal. Their positions suggest that NaI will be an ionic compound because metals tend to lose electrons to nonmetals, forming ionic bonds. In summary, the periodic table not only organizes elements but also provides insight into predicting and understanding the nature of chemical bonds and compound types.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The natural abundance of \({ }^{3} \mathrm{He}\) is \(0.000137 \%\). (a) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in an atom of \({ }^{3} \mathrm{He}\) ? (b) Based on the sum of the masses of their subatomic particles, which is expected to be more massive, an atom of \({ }^{3} \mathrm{He}\) or an atom of \({ }^{3} \mathrm{H}\) (which is also called tritium)? (c) Based on your answer to part (b), what would need to be the precision of a mass spectrometer that is able to differentiate between peaks that are due to \({ }^{3} \mathrm{He}^{+}\)and \({ }^{3} \mathrm{H}^{+}\)?

Suppose a scientist repeats the Millikan oil-drop experiment but reports the charges on the drops using an unusual (and imaginary) unit called the warmomb (wa). The scientist obtains the following data for four of the drops: $$ \begin{array}{c|c} \hline \text { Droplet } & \text { Calculated Charge (wa) } \\ \hline \text { A } & 3.84 \times 10^{-8} \\ \text { B } & 4.80 \times 10^{-8} \\ \text { C } & 2.88 \times 10^{-8} \\ \text { D } & 8.64 \times 10^{-8} \\ \hline \end{array} $$ (a) If all the droplets were the same size, which would fall most slowly through the apparatus? (b) From these data, what is the best choice for the charge of the electron in warmombs? (c) Based on your answer to part (b), how many electrons are there on each of the droplets? (d) What is the conversion factor between warmombs and coulombs?

Give the chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds: (a) sodium phosphate, (b) zinc nitrate, (c) barium bromate, (d) iron(II) perchlorate, (e) cobalt(II) hydrogen carbonate, (f) chromium(III) acetate, (g) potassium dichromate.

What are the differences in the compositions of the following pairs of atomic nuclei? (a) \({ }_{83}^{210} \mathrm{Bi},{ }_{82}^{210} \mathrm{~Pb}\); (b) \({ }_{7}^{14} \mathrm{~N},{ }_{7}^{15} \mathrm{~N}\); (c) \({ }_{10}^{20} \mathrm{Ne},{ }_{18}^{40} \mathrm{Ar}\)

(a) What is a functional group? (b) What functional group characterizes an alcohol? (c) Write a structural formula for 1-pentanol, the alcohol derived from pentane by making a substitution on one of the carbon atoms.
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