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Chapter 11: Problem 16

(a) Which is generally stronger, intermolecular interactions or intramolecular interactions? (b) Which of these kinds of interactions are broken when a liquid is converted to a gas?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Intramolecular interactions are generally stronger than intermolecular interactions. (b) Intermolecular interactions are the ones that are broken when a liquid is converted into a gas.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular interactions

Intermolecular interactions are forces that occur between different molecules. They help hold a substance together and determine various physical properties such as boiling and melting points, solubility, and viscosity. Intramolecular interactions, on the other hand, are forces that hold atoms together within a single molecule and involve chemical bonds like covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.
02

Compare the strengths of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions

Generally, intramolecular interactions (chemical bonds) are stronger than intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions typically range from \(10 - 40 \: kJ/mol\), whereas intramolecular interactions (covalent bonds) usually fall between \(150 - 1000 \: kJ/mol\). This is because intramolecular interactions involve the sharing or complete transfer of electrons between atoms in a molecule, while intermolecular interactions are a result of temporary electrostatic forces. (a) In conclusion, intramolecular interactions are generally stronger than intermolecular interactions.
03

Determine which interactions are broken when converting a liquid to a gas

When a liquid is converted to a gas, the process usually involves adding enough heat (energy) to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the substance together, causing them to separate and the substance to turn into gas. Note that intramolecular forces (chemical bonds) are not broken during this phase transition, as they require much more energy to be broken. (b) Thus, it is the intermolecular interactions that are broken when a liquid is converted into a gas.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The following data present the temperatures at which certain vapor pressures are achieved for dichloromethane \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\right)\) and methyl iodide \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{I}\right)\) : (a) Which of the two substances is expected to have the greater dipole-dipole forces? Which is expected to have the greater dispersion forces? Based on your answers, explain why it is difficult to predict which compound would be more volatile. (b) Which compound would you expect to have the higher boiling point? Check your answer in a reference book such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. (c) The order of volatility of these two substances changes as the temperature is increased. What quantity must be different for the two substances for this phenomenon to occur? (d) Substantiate your answer for part (c) by drawing an appropriate graph.

Which member in each pair has the stronger intermolecular dispersion forces? (a) \(\mathrm{Br}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\), (b) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}\) or \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{SH}_{4}\) (c) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}\) or \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{CHCl}\).

Which member in each pair has the greater dispersion forces? (a) \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\) or \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{~S}\), (b) \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) or \(\mathrm{CO}\), (c) \(\mathrm{SiH}_{4}\) or \(\mathrm{GeH}_{4}\).

Name the phase transition in each of the following situations and indicate whether it is exothermic or endothermic: (a) Bromine vapor turns to bromine liquid as it is cooled. (b) Crystals of iodine disappear from an evaporating dish as they stand in a fume hood. (c) Rubbing alcohol in an open container slowly disappears. (d) Molten lava from a volcano turns into solid rock.

Suppose you have two colorless molecular liquids, one boiling at \(-84^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the other at \(34^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), and both at atmospheric pressure. Which of the following statements is correct? For each statement that is not correct, modify the statement so that it is correct. (a) The higher-boiling liquid has greater total intermolecular forces than the lower- boiling liquid. (b) The lowerboiling liquid must consist of nonpolar molecules. (c) The lower-boiling liquid has a lower molecular weight than the higher-boiling liquid. (d) The two liquids have identical vapor pressures at their normal boiling points. (e) At \(-84^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) both liquids have vapor pressures of \(760 \mathrm{~mm} \mathrm{Hg}\).
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