Question

List (a) three commercial means of producing \(\mathrm{H}_{2},\) (b) three industrial uses of \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\).

Short answer

(a) Three commercial means of producing $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ are: 1. Electrolysis, 2. Steam-methane reforming, and 3. Coal gasification. (b) Three industrial uses of $\mathrm{H}_{2}$ are: 1. Chemical industry (e.g., ammonia production), 2. Petroleum refining (e.g., hydrodesulfurization and hydrocracking), and 3. Fuel cells.

Step-by-step solution

(a) Commercial means of producing hydrogen gas

There are several commercial methods for producing hydrogen gas. Here are three common methods: 1. Electrolysis: This method involves passing an electric current through water, causing it to split into hydrogen and oxygen. This is typically done using an electrolytic cell with a cathode and an anode, separating the hydrogen and oxygen gas that is produced. 2. Steam-methane reforming: This is the most common method for producing hydrogen gas commercially. In this process, methane or natural gas reacts with steam at high temperatures (700-1100°C) in the presence of a catalyst, producing a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The hydrogen is then separated from the other gases and purified. 3. Coal gasification: This process involves reacting coal with oxygen and steam at high temperatures, producing a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. The hydrogen is then separated from other gases and purified.

(b) Industrial uses of hydrogen gas

Hydrogen gas has numerous applications in various industries. Here are three industrial uses of hydrogen: 1. Chemical industry: Hydrogen is used as a raw material in the production of various chemicals, such as ammonia, methanol, and hydrochloric acid. Ammonia production, in particular, is a significant consumer of hydrogen, where it reacts with nitrogen in the Haber-Bosch process to produce ammonia, which is widely used for making fertilizers, explosives, and other chemical products. 2. Petroleum refining: In oil refineries, hydrogen is used to remove impurities like sulfur from crude oil, a process known as hydrodesulfurization. It is also used in hydrocracking, the process of breaking down long hydrocarbon chains into shorter and more desirable ones like gasoline and diesel fuels. 3. Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells are an emerging technology that generates electricity through an electrochemical process that combines hydrogen and oxygen. These fuel cells have the potential to provide power for vehicles, homes, and industries, with water being the only byproduct, making them a clean and sustainable power source.

Key concepts

Electrolysis

Electrolysis is a method used to produce hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. This is achieved by passing an electric current through water using an electrolytic cell. The cell consists of two electrodes: a cathode, where hydrogen is produced, and an anode, where oxygen is released. The process is quite straightforward:

• Electricity is applied to the electrodes submerged in water.
• Water (\(H_2O\)) molecules split into hydrogen (\(H_2\)) and oxygen (\(O_2\)).
• Hydrogen gas collects at the cathode, while oxygen gathers at the anode.

This method is generally considered environmentally friendly when renewable energy sources are used for electricity. It's widely used in industries where high-purity hydrogen is required, like the electronics sector. Despite its potential, the cost of electricity can make electrolysis relatively expensive compared to other methods.

Steam-methane reforming

Steam-methane reforming (SMR) is the most common commercial process for producing hydrogen. It involves reacting methane (primarily found in natural gas) with steam at high temperatures, typically between 700°C and 1100°C. The reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst and results in hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and a small amount of carbon dioxide:

• Methane (\(CH_4\)) and steam (\(H_2O\)) react to form syngas (a mixture of \(H_2\) and \(CO\)).
• Additional reactions convert carbon monoxide (\(CO\)) to carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), releasing more hydrogen.

This process is favored for its efficiency and cost-effectiveness, especially in regions where natural gas is abundant and cheap. However, it has a significant environmental impact due to \(CO_2\) emissions, prompting research into carbon capture technologies to mitigate these effects.

Industrial uses of hydrogen

Hydrogen plays a crucial role in various industrial applications due to its chemical properties. Three major industrial uses include:

• Chemical Industry: Hydrogen is pivotal in synthesizing chemicals such as ammonia, methanol, and hydrocarbons. The Haber-Bosch process, used for ammonia production, is a prime example where hydrogen reacts with nitrogen.
• Petroleum Refining: In oil refineries, hydrogen is used extensively to remove impurities and improve the quality of fuel. Processes like hydrodesulfurization and hydrocracking rely on hydrogen to purify and breakdown complex hydrocarbons.
• Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells convert hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical process, producing only water vapor as a byproduct. This makes them a clean energy alternative, especially for automotive applications.

These uses highlight hydrogen's versatility and importance in modern industries, contributing to advancements and sustainability efforts.

Chemical industry

The chemical industry heavily relies on hydrogen as a fundamental raw material. It's essential in producing:

• Ammonia: Used chiefly in fertilizers, ammonia (\(NH_3\)) is produced by the reaction of hydrogen with nitrogen through the Haber-Bosch process.
• Methanol: Hydrogen is combined with carbon monoxide to produce methanol (\(CH_3OH\)), which serves as a precursor for numerous chemicals and materials.
• Hydrochloric Acid: Produced by a direct combination of hydrogen (\(H_2\)) and chlorine (\(Cl_2\)).

Hydrogen's role in the chemical industry is significant as it aids in producing compounds that are not only foundational in creating other chemicals but also vital in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and more. As a key player in industrial chemistry, it supports large-scale production while also being involved in innovative research and development.

Fuel cells

Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. Unlike fossil fuel-based power generation, fuel cells are clean since they produce only water as a byproduct. Here's a basic overview:

• Hydrogen enters the anode side of the fuel cell.
• It is split into protons and electrons.
• Electrons create an electric current, powering devices, while protons move through the electrolyte to the cathode.
• At the cathode, they combine with oxygen to form water.

Fuel cells have the potential to revolutionize energy production for both stationary and portable applications. They're used in various sectors, including:

• Transportation (e.g., hydrogen fuel cell vehicles).
• Stationary power generation.
• Remote and backup power solutions.

Because they are more efficient than combustion engines and have a lower environmental impact, fuel cells represent a promising solution for sustainable energy.