Question

Define pOH. What pOH range is considered acidic? Basic? Neutral?

Short answer

The pOH is defined as the negative logarithmic measure of the hydroxide ion concentration. A pOH less than 7 is considered basic, greater than 7 is considered acidic, and exactly 7 is considered neutral.

Step-by-step solution

Defining pOH

pOH is a measure of the hydroxide ion concentration and is defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the activity of the hydroxide ions. Mathematically, it is represented as: \( pOH = -\log[OH^-] \), where \( [OH^-] \) is the hydroxide ion concentration in moles per liter.

Determining pOH Ranges

To determine the pOH range for acidic, basic, and neutral solutions, we must know that a neutral solution has a pOH of 7 at 25 degrees Celsius since the water dissociation constant (Kw) is \( 1 \times 10^{-14} \) and \( [H^+] \times [OH^-] = Kw \). For a neutral solution, \( [H^+] = [OH^-] = 1 \times 10^{-7} \), which makes both pH and pOH equal to 7. Solutions with a pOH less than 7 are basic because they have a higher concentration of OH- ions. Solutions with a pOH greater than 7 are acidic because they have a lower concentration of OH- ions.

Key concepts

Hydroxide Ion Concentration

Understanding the hydroxide ion concentration is critical when studying the properties of solutions, especially in the context of their acidity or basicity. The concentration of hydroxide ions (often written as \( OH^- \) ions) in a solution determines how basic the solution is.

As we know, water can disassociate into hydrogen ions (\( H^+ \) or, more correctly, hydronium ions \( H_3O^+ \) ) and hydroxide ions (\( OH^- \)). The equilibrium between these ions is essential for life and chemical processes. More hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions make a solution basic, while the opposite makes it acidic.

We can measure the hydroxide ion concentration using a scale known as 'pOH', which is the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration in moles per liter (\( -\log[OH^-] \)). For instance, if you have a solution where the hydroxide ion concentration is \( 1 \times 10^{-3} M \) (where M stands for molarity), the pOH would be calculated as 3. This simplification is the key to using pOH as an easily comparable measure of basicity across different solutions.

pH Scale

The pH scale quantifies the acidity or basicity of a solution and is an essential concept in chemistry. The scale runs from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Any pH value below 7 indicates an acidic solution, and a value above 7 indicates a basic solution.

This scale is logarithmic, which means each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next higher value. For example, a solution with a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than one with a pH of 4 and a hundred times more acidic than one with a pH of 5. This is because the pH represents the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (\( -\log[H^+] \)).

The relationship between pOH and pH is equally crucial; they are inversely related and always add up to 14 (at 25 degrees Celsius). Therefore, if you know the pOH of a solution, you can simply subtract it from 14 to find the pH. This provides a full understanding of the solution's balance between hydrogen and hydroxide ions and thus its acidic or basic nature.

Acidity and Basicity

Acidity and basicity are fundamental concepts in the study of chemistry and play a significant role in understanding chemical reactions. Acidity is associated with higher concentrations of hydrogen ions or lower concentrations of hydroxide ions in a solution, reflected in lower pH and higher pOH values. Basicity, on the other hand, is characterized by higher concentrations of hydroxide ions or lower concentrations of hydrogen ions, resulting in higher pH and lower pOH values.

Substances that readily donate hydrogen ions are called acids, while those that readily accept hydrogen ions or donate hydroxide ions are known as bases. This behavior is described by the Brønsted-Lowry theory.

It is essential to determine the acidity or basicity of a solution in various fields such as biochemistry, pharmacology, and environmental science. For example, in human physiology, the pH of blood must remain within a narrow range around 7.4 to ensure proper bodily function. Understanding the pOH and its relationship to pH helps in maintaining such critical balances within biological systems and industrial processes alike.