Question

Write the symbols of (a) all the elements in period 5 that have at least two half-filled \(5 \mathrm{p}\) orbitals. (b) all the elements in Group 1 that have full \(3 \mathrm{p}\) orbitals. (c) all the metalloids that have paired 3 p electrons. (d) all the nonmetals that have full \(3 \mathrm{~d}\) orbitals and 3 halffilled \(3 \mathrm{p}\) orbitals.

Short answer

Question: Identify the elements based on the following electron configuration criteria: a. Period 5 elements with at least two half-filled 5p orbitals. b. Group 1 elements with full 3p orbitals. c. Metalloids with paired 3p electrons. d. Nonmetals with full 3d orbitals and 3 half-filled 3p orbitals. Answer: a. Antimony (Sb) and Bismuth (Bi). b. None. c. Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge). d. None.

Step-by-step solution

Part (a): Period 5 elements with at least two half-filled 5p orbitals

Since we are looking for elements in period 5, we should begin with elements having the electron configuration of [Kr] \(5s^2\). Furthermore, because we desire at least two half-filled 5p orbitals, we need to find elements with either one or two electrons in the 5p orbitals. Counting from Krypton (Kr), we find that the elements Antimony (Sb) [\(5s^2 5p^2\)] and Bismuth (Bi) [\(5s^2 5p^3\)] fit these criteria.

Part (b): Group 1 elements with full 3p orbitals

Group 1 elements only have one valence electron in the s orbital (ns^1, n = principal quantum number). Having full 3p orbitals implies that the electron configuration should include 3p^6. No elements in Group 1 have a full 3p orbital. Therefore, there are no elements fitting this criterion.

Part (c): Metalloids with paired 3p electrons

Metalloids are elements with properties between metals and nonmetals, typically found along the zigzag line separating metals and nonmetals on the periodic table. We should look for metalloids that have paired 3p electrons, meaning an electron configuration of 3p^2, 3p^4, or 3p^6. The metalloids that fit this criterion are Silicon (Si) with 3p^2 and Germanium (Ge) with 3p^4.

Part (d): Nonmetals with full 3d orbitals and 3 half-filled 3p orbitals

Nonmetals are typically found on the right side of the periodic table. For an element to have full 3d orbitals, it must have an electron configuration of 3d^10. Since no nonmetals have full 3d orbitals, there are no elements that meet this criterion for part (d).