Chapter 8: Q6 E (page 446)
How many \({\rm{\sigma }}\)and \({\rm{\pi }}\)bonds are present in the molecule HCN?
Two \({\rm{\sigma }}\) bonds and two \({\rm{\pi }}\) bonds make up HCN.
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Compare the atomic and molecular orbital diagrams to identify the member of each of the following pairs that has the highest first ionization energy (the most tightly bound electron) in the gas phase:
(a) \({\rm{H}}\) and \({{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}}}\)
(b) \({\rm{N}}\)and \({{\rm{N}}_{\rm{2}}}\)
(c) \({\rm{O}}\)and \({{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}\)
(d) \({\rm{C}}\)and \({{\rm{C}}_{\rm{2}}}\)
(e) \({\rm{B}}\)and \({{\rm{B}}_{\rm{2}}}\)
A useful solvent that will dissolve salts as well as organic compounds is the compound acetonitrile, \({{\rm{H}}_{\rm{3}}}{\rm{CCN}}\). It is present in paint strippers. (a) Write the Lewis structure for acetonitrile, and indicate the direction of the dipole moment in the molecule. (b) Identify the hybrid orbitals used by the carbon atoms in the molecule to form \({\rm{\sigma }}\) bonds. (c) Describe the atomic orbitals that form the \({\rm{\pi }}\) bonds in the molecule. Note that it is not necessary to hybridize the nitrogen atom.
If molecular orbitals are created by combining five atomic orbitals from atom A and five atomic orbitals from atom B combine, how many molecular orbitals will result?
For many years after they were discovered, it was believed that the noble gases could not form compounds. Now we know that belief to be incorrect. A mixture of xenon and fluorine gases, confined in a quartz bulb and placed on a windowsill, is found to slowly produce a white solid. Analysis of the compound indicates that it contains \({\rm{77}}{\rm{.55\% }}\)Xe and \({\rm{22}}{\rm{.45\% \;F}}\)by mass.
(a) What is the formula of the compound?
(b) Write a Lewis structure for the compound.
(c) Predict the shape of the molecules of the compound.
(d) What hybridization is consistent with the shape you predicted?
Consider nitrous acid, \({\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{(HONO)}}\). (a) Write a Lewis structure. (b) What are the electron pair and molecular geometries of the internal oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the \({\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}\) molecule? (c) What is the hybridization on the internal oxygen and nitrogen atoms in \({\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}\)?
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