Question

Infer A laboratory demonstration involves pouring bromine vapors, which are a deep red color, into a flask of air and then tightly sealing the top of the flask. The bromine is observed to first sink to the bottom of the beaker. After several hours have passed, the red color is distributed equally throughout the flask. a. Is bromine gas more or less dense than air? b. Would liquid bromine diffuse more or less quickly than gaseous bromine after you pour it into another liquid?

Short answer

a. Bromine gas is more dense than air since it sinks to the bottom of the flask. b. Gaseous bromine would diffuse more quickly than liquid bromine when poured into another liquid, as gas particles have higher kinetic energy and are more widely spaced than liquid particles.

Step-by-step solution

a. Bromine gas density compared to air

Since the bromine gas sinks to the bottom of the flask upon being poured in, we can conclude that it is denser than air. The denser gas displaces the less dense air, causing the bromine to initially accumulate at the bottom of the flask.

b. Diffusion rate of liquid and gaseous bromine

To answer this question, we need to consider the concept of diffusion, which is the process of particles spreading from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. In general, diffusion occurs more rapidly in gases than in liquids. This is because gas particles are more widely spaced and have higher kinetic energy than liquid particles. Thus, gaseous bromine would diffuse more quickly than liquid bromine when poured into another liquid.

Key concepts

Density Comparison

In the demonstration involving bromine vapors being poured into a flask, a key observation is made when the bromine sinks initially. This tells us a lot about its density. Since bromine gas descends to the bottom of the flask, we can conclude that it is denser than the air already present in the flask. This happens because:

• A denser substance will displace a less dense one, making bromine displace air as it settles at the bottom.
• Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume. Bromine molecules are heavier compared to the components of air, like nitrogen and oxygen molecules.

Hence, understanding this density difference helps predict the behavior of gases when they are introduced into different environments.

Gas Versus Liquid Diffusion

Diffusion is the process through which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. When comparing diffusion in gases and liquids, gases typically diffuse more quickly. This is due to several factors:

• Gas particles are much farther apart than liquid particles, providing more space for movement.
• Gases exhibit higher kinetic energy, allowing particles to break intermolecular forces and spread.

So, if you pour gaseous bromine into another liquid, it will diffuse much faster than if it were in liquid bromine form. Liquids have a closer packing of molecules and more interaction forces to overcome, which impede their diffusion speed.

Kinetic Energy in Gases

The kinetic energy of a gas plays a crucial role in understanding how it behaves and spreads. Kinetic energy is essentially the energy that particles have due to their motion. Key points to consider include:

• Gas particles move rapidly and erratically due to high kinetic energy.
• Higher kinetic energy in gases means they can overcome intermolecular attractions more easily compared to liquids.

This is why gaseous bromine diffuses more rapidly than its liquid counterpart. Its molecules are moving swiftly, hitting, and spreading in every direction to mix uniformly with air, as witnessed in the demonstration where the bromine vapors eventually fill the flask evenly.