Chapter 10: Problem 41
Draw structural formulas for all the alcohols with the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10} \mathrm{O} .\) Give the systematic name of each.
Short Answer
Expert verified
1-Butanol, 2-Butanol, Isobutanol, t-Butanol: butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
Step by step solution
01
Understanding the Formula
The molecular formula \( \mathrm{C}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O} \) indicates there are 4 carbon atoms, 10 hydrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom present in the compound. Our task is to identify and draw the possible alcohol structures that match this formula.
02
Identifying Carbon Chain Variations
For a four-carbon alcohol, the carbon atoms can be arranged in different ways: as a straight chain or as branched chains. Consider these possible arrangements.
03
Drawing 1-Butanol
1-Butanol is a straight-chain alcohol with the OH group on the first carbon. The structural formula is \( \mathrm{CH}_3\mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{OH} \).
04
Drawing 2-Butanol
2-Butanol is a straight-chain alcohol with the OH group on the second carbon. The structural formula is \( \mathrm{CH}_3\mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{CH}( ext{OH})\mathrm{CH}_3 \).
05
Drawing Isobutanol
Isobutanol has a branched chain with the OH group on the first carbon of a \(\mathrm{CH}_3\) group attached to the central carbon. The structural formula is \( \mathrm{(CH}_3)_2\mathrm{CH}\mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{OH} \).
06
Drawing t-Butanol
t-Butanol has a four-carbon branched structure where the central carbon is connected to an OH group. The structural formula is \( \mathrm{(CH}_3)_3\mathrm{C}\text{OH} \).
07
Naming the Alcohols
Based on the structures, assign these systematic names:
1. 1-Butanol: butan-1-ol
2. 2-Butanol: butan-2-ol
3. Isobutanol: 2-methylpropan-1-ol
4. t-Butanol: 2-methylpropan-2-ol.
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Key Concepts
These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.
Structural Formulas
In organic chemistry, structural formulas are essential for visualizing compounds. They represent the arrangement of atoms within a molecule. Unlike simple chemical formulas, structural formulas show not just the types and numbers of atoms but also the specific bonds between them. This is particularly useful for understanding molecules that can exist in different forms, such as isomers, which are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures.
For example, when we consider the alcohols with the formula \( \mathrm{C}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O} \), there are multiple ways to arrange the carbon atoms. These distinct arrangements result in different alcohols, each with unique structural formulas. We have straight-chained structures, such as 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and branched structures, like isobutanol and t-butanol.
The structural formula helps identify where the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached and shows the specific layout of carbon atoms. This clarity aids in predicting the properties and reactivity of the molecule.
For example, when we consider the alcohols with the formula \( \mathrm{C}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O} \), there are multiple ways to arrange the carbon atoms. These distinct arrangements result in different alcohols, each with unique structural formulas. We have straight-chained structures, such as 1-butanol and 2-butanol, and branched structures, like isobutanol and t-butanol.
The structural formula helps identify where the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached and shows the specific layout of carbon atoms. This clarity aids in predicting the properties and reactivity of the molecule.
Alcohols
Alcohols are a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl (\(-\text{OH}\)) groups attached to a carbon atom. The general formula for alcohols is \( \mathrm{R-OH} \), where \( \mathrm{R} \) represents the alkyl group. This group can vary, leading to the formation of different alcohols with distinct properties.
In the given formula \( \mathrm{C}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O} \), we explore several alcohols. These include 1-butanol and 2-butanol, which are representatives of linear alcohols with the hydroxyl group positioned on different carbon atoms in the chain. On the other hand, isobutanol and t-butanol demonstrate branching, where the carbon skeleton forms a more complex structure.
The position and arrangement of the OH group significantly influence the physical and chemical properties of the alcohol. For instance, branching tends to lower the boiling points compared to their linear counterparts due to differences in molecular packing. Additionally, these structural differences also impact solubility and reactivity, making each alcohol unique.
In the given formula \( \mathrm{C}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O} \), we explore several alcohols. These include 1-butanol and 2-butanol, which are representatives of linear alcohols with the hydroxyl group positioned on different carbon atoms in the chain. On the other hand, isobutanol and t-butanol demonstrate branching, where the carbon skeleton forms a more complex structure.
The position and arrangement of the OH group significantly influence the physical and chemical properties of the alcohol. For instance, branching tends to lower the boiling points compared to their linear counterparts due to differences in molecular packing. Additionally, these structural differences also impact solubility and reactivity, making each alcohol unique.
Systematic Naming
Systematic naming in organic chemistry follows specific rules set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to ensure that each compound has a unique and unambiguous name. This systematic nomenclature is essential because it provides a clear method to identify and communicate chemical compounds universally.
For the alcohols with the formula \( \mathrm{C}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O} \), their names reflect their structures and the position of the hydroxyl group. For instance, 1-butanol, also known as butan-1-ol, indicates a four-carbon chain with the OH group on the first carbon. Similarly, 2-butanol or butan-2-ol has this group on the second carbon.
Branched alcohols like isobutanol are named 2-methylpropan-1-ol, showcasing a methyl branch and the primary alcohol group residing on the first carbon. t-Butanol, or 2-methylpropan-2-ol, features the OH group on the second carbon of a branched structure. This naming system ensures consistency and accuracy, especially crucial as molecules become more complex. By mastering these naming conventions, chemists can easily deduce the structure and characteristics of a molecule from its name.
For the alcohols with the formula \( \mathrm{C}_{4}\mathrm{H}_{10}\mathrm{O} \), their names reflect their structures and the position of the hydroxyl group. For instance, 1-butanol, also known as butan-1-ol, indicates a four-carbon chain with the OH group on the first carbon. Similarly, 2-butanol or butan-2-ol has this group on the second carbon.
Branched alcohols like isobutanol are named 2-methylpropan-1-ol, showcasing a methyl branch and the primary alcohol group residing on the first carbon. t-Butanol, or 2-methylpropan-2-ol, features the OH group on the second carbon of a branched structure. This naming system ensures consistency and accuracy, especially crucial as molecules become more complex. By mastering these naming conventions, chemists can easily deduce the structure and characteristics of a molecule from its name.
