Question

Compound A is 1-propanol. When compound \(\mathrm{A}\) is heated with strong acid, it dehydrates to form compound \(\mathrm{B}\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right)\). When compound A is oxidized, compound \(\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}\right)\) forms. Draw the condensed structural formulas and give the IUPAC names of compounds A, B, and C.

Short answer

Compound A: CH3CH2CH2OH (1-propanol), Compound B: CH2=CHCH3 (propene), Compound C: CH3CH2CHO (propanal).

Step-by-step solution

- Identify Compound A

Compound A is given as 1-propanol. The condensed structural formula for 1-propanol is CH3CH2CH2OH.

- Dehydration Reaction

Heating 1-propanol with a strong acid causes a dehydration reaction, forming an alkene. The product of the dehydration of 1-propanol is propene (C3H6). The condensed structural formula for propene is CH2=CHCH3.

- Oxidation Reaction

Oxidizing 1-propanol converts it into propanal, a compound with the formula C3H6O. The condensed structural formula for propanal is CH3CH2CHO.

- Summarize and Name the Compounds

Summarizing the results, compound A (1-propanol) is CH3CH2CH2OH. Compound B, formed by dehydration, is propene (CH2=CHCH3). Compound C, formed by oxidation, is propanal (CH3CH2CHO).

Key concepts

dehydration reaction

A dehydration reaction involves the loss of a water molecule from a compound. In organic chemistry, this reaction typically converts alcohols into alkenes by eliminating a water molecule.
When 1-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) is heated with a strong acid, it loses a water molecule (H2O). This reaction produces propene (CH2=CHCH3).
In summary, dehydration alters the structure by breaking the C-O and adjacent C-H bonds to form a double bond between two carbon atoms, resulting in an alkene.

oxidation reaction

An oxidation reaction in organic chemistry refers to the gain of oxygen or the loss of hydrogen in a molecule. For alcohols, oxidation usually means converting the alcohol functional group to an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid.
When 1-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) undergoes oxidation, it loses hydrogens from the -OH and the adjacent carbon atom, forming propanal (CH3CH2CHO), an aldehyde with the common formula C3H6O.
Thus, oxidation changes the structural and functional properties by changing the carbon single bonds to carbonyl bonds (C=O).

IUPAC nomenclature

IUPAC nomenclature is the standardized system for naming chemical compounds. It ensures each compound has a unique, clear name that communicates its structure.
- For 1-propanol, the name indicates its structure (CH3CH2CH2OH): the '1-' signifies that the hydroxyl group (-OH) is on the first carbon of a three-carbon chain.
- Propene (CH2=CHCH3) denotes an alkene with a double bond location implicit at first carbon.
- Propanal (CH3CH2CHO) indicates an aldehyde on a three-carbon chain, with the '-al' suffix marking it as an aldehyde.
These names adhere to specific rules to ensure clarity and consistency in chemical naming.

structural formulas

Structural formulas are graphical representations of molecules that show how atoms are arranged and bonded in a chemical compound.
- 1-Propanol has the condensed structural formula CH3CH2CH2OH, depicting a three-carbon chain with a hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon.
- Propene is represented as CH2=CHCH3, showing a three-carbon chain with a double bond between the first and second carbons.
- Propanal's condensed structural formula is CH3CH2CHO, displaying a three-carbon chain with an aldehyde group (CHO) attached to the first carbon.
Structural formulas provide a clear visual of molecular configurations, assisting in understanding reactions and properties.