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Nonane has a density of \(0.79 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\) and boils at \(151{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). a. Draw the condensed structural and skeletal formulas of nonane. b. Is it a solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature? c. Is it soluble in water? d. Will it float on water or sink? e. Write the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of nonane.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Condensed: CH3-(CH2)7-CH3, Skeletal: zigzag line with 9 vertices, Liquid at room temperature, Not soluble in water, Floats on water, Combustion: C9H20 + 14O2 -> 9CO2 + 10H2O

Step by step solution

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01

- Draw the condensed structural formula

Nonane is an alkane with nine carbon atoms. Its condensed structural formula is: CH3-(CH2)7-CH3.
02

- Draw the skeletal formula

The skeletal formula for nonane is a zigzag line with 9 vertices, each representing a carbon atom: \[ \text{Skeletal Formula: } \left(\wedge-\right)\left(\wedge-\right)\left(\wedge-\right)\left(\wedge-\right)\left(\wedge-\right)\left(\wedge-\right)\left(\wedge-\right)\left(\wedge-\right)- \]
03

- Determine the state at room temperature

Nonane boils at 151°C, which is much higher than room temperature (approximately 25°C). Therefore, nonane will be in liquid form at room temperature.
04

- Assess solubility in water

Nonane is a non-polar hydrocarbon, while water is a polar molecule. Generally, non-polar substances are not soluble in polar solvents like water. Hence, nonane is not soluble in water.
05

- Determine if it will float or sink in water

The density of nonane is 0.79 g/mL, which is less than the density of water (1 g/mL). Therefore, nonane will float on water.
06

- Write the balanced chemical equation for combustion

The complete combustion of nonane (\text{C}_9\text{H}_{20}) involves reacting with oxygen (\text{O}_2) to produce carbon dioxide (\text{CO}_2) and water (\text{H}_2\text{O}). The balanced chemical equation is: \[ \text{C}_9\text{H}_{20} + 14\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 9\text{CO}_2 + 10\text{H}_2\text{O} \]

Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

structural formula
The term structural formula refers to a representation of a molecule that shows the arrangement and bonds between atoms. For nonane, which is an alkane with nine carbon atoms, its condensed structural formula is shown as: CH3-(CH2)7-CH3. This means nonane has a chain of 9 carbon atoms in which each of the internal carbon atoms is bonded to two hydrogen atoms (except the end carbon atoms, which each bond to three hydrogen atoms). Structural formulas help in understanding the full makeup of a molecule.
skeletal formula
A skeletal formula is a simpler way to depict organic molecules, focusing on the bonds between carbon atoms. In this shorthand notation, carbon atoms are implied at each vertex (bend) and endpoint, and hydrogen atoms attached to carbons are not shown. The skeletal formula for nonane appears as a zigzag line with 9 vertices representing the carbon atoms: \[ \text{CH3-(CH2)7-CH3} \]. Using the skeletal formula makes it easier to visualize the structure of more complex molecules quickly.
solubility
Solubility describes how well a substance can dissolve in a solvent. Nonane is a hydrocarbon and is non-polar by nature. Water, on the other hand, is a polar molecule. Due to the 'like dissolves like' principle, non-polar substances generally do not dissolve well in polar solvents. Therefore, nonane is not soluble in water. This property is important in understanding how different substances interact in chemical processes.
combustion reaction
In chemistry, a combustion reaction involves burning a substance in the presence of oxygen to produce heat and light. For hydrocarbons like nonane (\text{C}_9\text{H}_{20}), complete combustion typically yields carbon dioxide (\text{CO}_2) and water (\text{H}_2\text{O}). The balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of nonane is:\[\text{C}_9\text{H}_{20} + 14\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 9\text{CO}_2 + 10\text{H}_2\text{O}\]This equation shows that one molecule of nonane reacts with 14 molecules of oxygen to produce 9 molecules of carbon dioxide and 10 molecules of water.
density
Density is a measure of mass per unit volume and helps determine whether an object will float or sink in a specific fluid. Nonane has a density of 0.79 g/mL, which is less than the density of water (1 g/mL). Because of this, nonane will float on water. Understanding density is crucial in predicting the behavior of substances in different environments. For example, in oil spill scenarios, this property helps in planning effective cleanup procedures.

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