Question

When acrylic polymers are burned, toxic fumes are produced. For example, in many airplane fires, more passenger deaths have been caused by breathing toxic fumes than by the fire itself. Using polyacrylonitrile as an example, what would you expect to be one of the most toxic, gaseous combustion products created in the reaction?

Short answer

The most toxic gaseous product expected from the combustion of polyacrylonitrile is hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

Step-by-step solution

Understand the structure of polyacrylonitrile

Polyacrylonitrile is a polymer made up of acrylonitrile monomers. The structure of an acrylonitrile monomer looks as follows: \[ CH_2 = CH-CN \] When many of these monomers undergo polymerization and form a chain, the structure becomes polyacrylonitrile.

Predict the combustion products

During combustion, organic molecules react with oxygen to produce generally water and carbon dioxide. However, polyacrylonitrile has nitrogen-containing functional groups (-CN), which means other products may be formed as well. When nitrogen-containing compounds decompose under high temperatures, they usually form nitrogen-containing products like nitrogen gas (N_2), ammonia (NH_3), and/or toxic gases like hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

Identify the most toxic gaseous combustion product

Considering the decomposition of nitrogen-containing compounds during combustion, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is known as a highly toxic gas. It is much more toxic compared to other potential products like nitrogen gas (N_2) and ammonia (NH_3). Thus, we can expect hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to be one of the most toxic gaseous combustion products created in the burning of polyacrylonitrile. So, the most toxic gaseous product expected from the combustion of polyacrylonitrile is hydrogen cyanide (HCN).

Key concepts

Polymerization

Polymerization is a chemical process in which monomers, which are small, reactive molecules, join together to form a polymer, a larger molecule with repeating structural units. Polymers have diverse properties and uses, depending on their monomers and structure. Polyacrylonitrile, featured in the exercise, is formed through the polymerization of acrylonitrile monomers.

Think of polymerization like linking together a chain of paperclips; each paperclip represents a monomer, and the entire chain represents a polymer. The process can result in various types of polymers, including linear, branched, or cross-linked structures, influencing the material's properties. For instance, the strength and heat resistance of polyacrylonitrile make it suitable for applications such as producing carbon fibers.

Organic Molecule Combustion

Combustion is a chemical reaction that typically occurs between a fuel and an oxidant, often producing heat and light. In terms of organic molecules such as polymers, combustion refers to their reaction with oxygen in the air. For a simple organic compound composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, the primary combustion products are usually carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

However, organic molecules that contain other elements, like nitrogen in polyacrylonitrile, can yield additional, sometimes hazardous, products. Understanding these reactions is crucial, especially in industrial processes and emergency situations, to anticipate the substances produced and the potential risks they may pose.

Toxic Gases

When it comes to the combustion of polymers, particularly those that contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen, the risk of toxic gas production is a serious concern. The high temperatures in fires can break down the chemical bonds in these polymers, thus releasing harmful substances.

Toxic gases are dangerous because they can cause health problems or prove fatal even at low concentrations. They also tend to spread quickly and can be difficult to detect without special equipment. Many of these gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and various nitrogen oxides (NOx), interfere with the human body's ability to carry oxygen or cause damage to internal organs, making them particularly hazardous in fire scenarios.

Hydrogen Cyanide

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) stands out among toxic gases due to its extreme toxicity and potential for rapid harm. This colorless, highly poisonous compound can be generated during the combustion of nitrogen-containing compounds, like polyacrylonitrile.

Exposure to hydrogen cyanide affects the body's cells and their ability to utilize oxygen, effectively causing cellular asphyxiation. HCN can be lethal in small doses, highlighting the importance of understanding chemical reactions and safety measures to prevent exposure. It's a stark reminder of the need for materials that are less likely to produce such dangerous byproducts during accidental combustion.