Question

Consider two beakers of pure water at different temperatures. How do their \(\mathrm{pH}\) values compare? Which is more acidic? More basic? Explain.

Short answer

In summary, the pH value of water decreases as the temperature increases, but water remains neutral at any temperature due to the equal concentrations of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions. The sample of water with a higher temperature will have a lower pH value, but neither sample at different temperatures is considered more acidic or more basic than the other, as both remain neutral with pH values deviating from 7.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the relationship between temperature and the ionization of water

Pure water naturally undergoes a process called self-ionization or autoionization, where water molecules break down into hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻). This reaction can be represented as follows: \[2 H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_3O^+ + OH^-\] The ion product constant for water is given by: \[K_w = [H_3O^+][OH^-]\] At 25°C, the value of \(K_w\) is 1.0 x 10⁻¹⁴. In pure water, the concentration of hydronium ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions ([H₃O⁺] = [OH⁻]). Therefore, at 25°C, the pH of pure water is 7. However, the value of \(K_w\) is temperature-dependent. As the temperature increases, \(K_w\) increases as well, indicating that the concentrations of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions are greater.

Determine the effect of temperature on pH values

As the temperature of the water increases, the ion product constant (\(K_w\)) also increases. This means that the concentrations of both H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions are increasing. Since the pH scale is defined as: \[pH = -\log_{10} [H_3O^+]\] An increase in the concentration of H₃O⁺ ions would result in a decrease in pH value, making the water more acidic. On the other hand, an increase in the concentration of OH⁻ ions would result in a decrease in the pOH value, making the water more basic. However, it's essential to note that the increase in both H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions' concentrations occurs simultaneously, maintaining an overall neutral charge in the water even at different temperatures. So, although the pH and pOH values might not be equal to 7, the water is still considered neutral because [H₃O⁺] = [OH⁻] at any given temperature.

Compare the pH values of water at different temperatures

As stated earlier, as the temperature increases, the concentration of both H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions increases. This means that the pH value of water will decrease as the temperature increases. Therefore, the sample of water with a higher temperature will have a lower pH value but will still be neutral due to the equal concentrations of H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions. In summary, the water at a higher temperature will have a lower pH but will still maintain its neutral property, as the concentrations of both H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions increase equally with temperature. Neither sample of water at different temperatures is considered more acidic or more basic than the other, as they both remain neutral, even with a pH that deviates from 7.

Key concepts

Autoionization of Water

Water undergoes a fascinating process called autoionization, where water molecules split into hydronium ions \( (H_3O^+) \) and hydroxide ions \( (OH^-) \). This can be represented as follows: \[2 H_2O \rightleftharpoons H_3O^+ + OH^-\]

• This process happens even in pure water.
• The concentrations of \( H_3O^+ \) and \( OH^- \) ions are equal, creating a neutral solution.
• The ion product constant for water, known as \( K_w \), is the product of these ion concentrations: \( K_w = [H_3O^+][OH^-] \).

At 25°C, \( K_w \) is approximately \( 1.0 \times 10^{-14} \), making the pH of pure water 7. This balance keeps water neutral under standard conditions. However, factors like temperature can shift this equilibrium.

Temperature Dependence of Kw

The ion product constant for water, \( K_w \), is not constant across all temperatures. It is highly temperature-dependent:

• As the temperature increases, \( K_w \) increases, meaning more \( H_3O^+ \) and \( OH^- \) ions are in the solution.
• Conversely, when the temperature decreases, \( K_w \) decreases.

This change in \( K_w \) indicates that at higher temperatures, the water molecules tend to ionize more. Even though these processes occur, the water remains neutral because the concentrations of \( H_3O^+ \) and \( OH^- \) are still equal. This shifting balance helps in understanding how changes in temperature affect the properties of water, especially its acidity or basicity.

Neutral pH at Different Temperatures

The concept of neutral pH varies with temperature because of changes in \( K_w \):

• At 25°C, neutral pH is 7.
• As temperature increases, the neutral pH decreases, but the water remains neutral as \( [H_3O^+] = [OH^-] \).
• Similarly, at lower temperatures, the neutral pH is higher than 7.

Despite these changes, water at varying temperatures does not become more acidic or basic merely by its pH value straying from 7. It is still considered neutral due to equal ion concentrations. This illustrates that neutral pH isn’t a fixed value and helps when comparing water at different temperatures. Understanding this concept is crucial for experiments conducted under varying temperature conditions.