Question

Assuming that the mechanism for the hydrogenation of \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\) given in Section \(11-7\) is correct, would you predict that the product of the reaction of \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\) with \(\mathrm{D}_{2}\) would be \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{D}-\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{D}\) or \(\mathrm{CHD}_{2}-\mathrm{CH}_{3} ?\) How could the reaction of \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\) with \(\mathrm{D}_{2}\) be used to confirm the mechanism for the hydrogenation of \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\) given in Section \(11-7 ?\)

Short answer

Based on the given hydrogenation mechanism of C2H4, the predicted product of the reaction between C2H4 and D2 is \(CH_2D-CH_2D\). The reaction with D2 can be used to confirm the mechanism by comparing the predicted product with the actual product obtained experimentally. If the observed product matches the predicted \(CH_2D-CH_2D\), it supports the validity of the electrophilic addition mechanism given in Section 11-7.

Step-by-step solution

Understand the hydrogenation mechanism of C2H4

The hydrogenation mechanism of C2H4, as described in Section 11-7, is an electrophilic addition reaction that proceeds through a three-membered ring transition state. The mechanism can be briefly summarized as follows: 1. H2 molecule is adsorbed on the metal catalyst surface, splitting into two H atoms. 2. C2H4 molecule is adsorbed on the metal catalyst surface, polarizing the pi-bond into a sigma bond. 3. One H atom from the metal surface reacts with the C atom of C2H4 at the positively charged end. 4. Another H atom from the metal surface reacts with the other C atom of C2H4. The overall reaction is: C2H4 + H2 -> C2H6

Predict the reaction product between C2H4 and D2

Now, we need to apply this hydrogenation mechanism to the reaction between C2H4 and D2. Replacing H2 with D2 in the mechanism: 1. D2 molecule is adsorbed on the metal catalyst surface, splitting into two D atoms. 2. C2H4 molecule is adsorbed on the metal catalyst surface, polarizing the pi-bond into a sigma bond. 3. One D atom from the metal surface reacts with the C atom of C2H4 at the positively charged end. 4. Another D atom from the metal surface reacts with the other C atom of C2H4. The overall reaction is: C2H4 + D2 -> "\(CH_2D-CH_2D\)" So, based on the given mechanism, the product of the reaction between C2H4 and D2 is CH2D-CH2D.

Explain how the reaction with D2 can confirm the hydrogenation mechanism for C2H4

The reaction of C2H4 with D2 can be used to confirm the mechanism for the hydrogenation of C2H4 by comparing the predicted product with the actual product obtained from the reaction. If the experimentally observed product matches the predicted product (CH2D-CH2D), it supports the validity of the electrophilic addition mechanism given in Section 11-7. Moreover, if the CHD2-CH3 product was formed instead, it would suggest a different mechanism, like a 1,2-hydride (or deuteride) shift, indicating the need for reevaluating the proposed mechanism for the hydrogenation of C2H4.

Key concepts

Electrophilic Addition

In organic chemistry, **electrophilic addition** is a crucial reaction type that involves the addition of an electrophile to a nucleophile. This mechanism is central to understanding how molecules like ethylene (\( \mathrm{C}_2\mathrm{H}_4 \)) undergo transformations during reactions like hydrogenation.

During electrophilic addition, a pi bond (\( \pi \)-bond) in a molecule, which is weak and easily polarized, is broken to form stronger sigma bonds (\( \sigma \)-bonds).

• The reaction between \( \mathrm{C}_2\mathrm{H}_4 \) and \( \mathrm{H}_2 \) involves the initial adsorption of \( \mathrm{H}_2 \) on a metal catalyst, where it splits into two hydrogen atoms.
• Next, \( \mathrm{C}_2\mathrm{H}_4 \) is adsorbed, and the \( \pi \)-bond in ethylene is converted to a \( \sigma \)-bond as the hydrogen atoms add to the carbon atoms.

This mechanism proceeds through a **transition state** that helps facilitate the bond transformation. Understanding this step is key for comprehending how electrophilic addition reactions occur.

Transition State

The **transition state** is one of the central concepts in understanding reaction mechanisms, offering a glimpse into the fleeting, high-energy states molecules go through on their path from reactants to products.

In the hydrogenation of ethylene, it is described as a three-membered ring where both carbon atoms and the catalytic surface interact simultaneously with the hydrogen atoms adsorbed.

• This state is transient and is never isolated but is crucial for lowering the activation energy required for the reaction.
• It represents the peak of the energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to progress from reactants to products.

By analyzing such transition states, chemists gain deeper insights into the pathways of reactions and can manipulate conditions to favor particular outcomes, enhancing the efficiency and specificity of the reaction process.

Deuterium Labeling

**Deuterium labeling** is a valuable tool in organic chemistry for probing reaction mechanisms. By replacing \( \mathrm{H}_2 \) with \( \mathrm{D}_2 \) (deuterium, the isotope of hydrogen), researchers can track the pathway of atoms through a reaction, given the slight difference in mass and bond energy between hydrogen and deuterium.

In the context of the hydrogenation of ethylene, using \( \mathrm{D}_2 \) instead of \( \mathrm{H}_2 \) offers a unique way to test the proposed reaction mechanism.

• If the process follows the described electrophilic addition, the product should be \( \mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{D}-\mathrm{CH}_2\mathrm{D} \).
• This can be verified by spectroscopic methods, where the position and integration of deuterium atoms provide evidence for the mechanism.
• Observing a different product, such as \( \mathrm{CHD}_2-\mathrm{CH}_3 \), would suggest an alternative mechanism might be at play, like a rearrangement of atoms.

Deuterium labeling serves as a powerful experimental technique to confirm hypotheses about reaction pathways, offering insights beyond what conventional experiments might reveal.